The seasonal patterns and trends of air pollutants can be used in assessments of air quality, facilitating authorities' decisions on policies for monitoring and managing. The objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal patterns and trends of air pollutants in the upper northern Thailand (UNT) from 2004 to 2018. The hourly air pollutant concentration data including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter ≤ 10 µm (PM10) recorded from 6 monitoring stations in the UNT were obtained from the Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Thailand. Cubic splines were used to assess seasonal patterns and trends of the air pollutants. Linear regression was used to estimate the average increase in concentrations of air pollutants at each monitoring station. The results exhibited seasonal patterns for CO, NOx, NO2, O3 and PM10, in all stations while SO2 exhibited seasonal patterns only in one station in Lampang and all stations in Chiangmai. The concentrations of these pollutants rose during August and September and reached peak levels in March. In the past 15 years, the levels of overall CO, O3 and SO2 in the UNT had significantly increased, on average by 0.015 ppm, 0.012 ppb and 0.015 ppb, respectively. In contrast, NO2, NOx and PM10 had significantly decreased on average of -0.010 ppb, -0.008 ppb and -0.011 µg m -3 , respectively. The results provide information to the authorities for setting up proper measures and policies to control and mitigate air quality impacts especially in the dry season.

Background: Cyberbullying generates unfavorable feelings and behaviors among young people. Factors associated with emotional responses and coping strategies for cyberbullying need to be assessed. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the factors associated with negative emotional responses and maladaptive coping strategies in response to cyberbullying among young people aged 13 - 24. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection across eight secondary schools and two universities in Pattani province, Thailand. A total of 227 students who experienced cyberbullying were included in this study. Results: Students whose fathers had a bachelor's degree or higher, those whose fathers were farmers, merchants, or laborers, had a middle-class family income, and students experiencing high social stress had higher negative emotional responses to cyberbullying. Young people with fathers having bachelor's degrees or higher, having a low family income, and having low or moderate social support had more maladaptive coping strategies for cyberbullying. Conclusions: Attention should be paid to developing effective ways to reduce negative emotions and bad coping skills in these groups of students.

The objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal patterns and trends of air pollutants in upper northern Thailand (UNT) from 2004 to 2018. The hourly air pollutant concentration data recorded from 6 monitoring stations in the UNT were obtained from the Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Thailand. Cubic splines were used to assess seasonal patterns and trends of air pollutants. Linear regression was used to estimate the average increase in concentrations of air pollutants at each monitoring station. The results exhibited seasonal patterns for CO, NOX, NO2, O3, and PM10, in all stations while SO2 only in one station in Lampang and all stations in Chiangmai. The concentrations of these pollutants rose during August and September and reached peak levels between March and April. In the past 15 years, the levels of overall CO, O3, and SO2 in the UNT had significantly increased, on average of 0.032 ppm, 0.012 ppb, and 0.017 ppb, respectively. In contrast, NO2, NOX, and PM10 had significantly decreased on average of 0.012 ppb, 0.011 ppb, and 0.016 mg/m3, respectively. In conclusion, it should be of concern for such activities that related to air pollutants variation accordingly.