Background The use of plant-based formulations is an easy and economical method to control insect pests. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate ovicidal and larvicidal potential of ethanolic leaf extracts of four plants, Cyathocline purpurea, Blumea lacera, Neanotis lancifolia, and Neanotis montholonii, and their effects on gut histology of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. We identified the phytochemicals present in the ethanolic extracts of these plants by LC-MS analysis. The eggs and larvae of A. aegypti were exposed to four concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/mL) of crude ethanol extracts for different time durations. We observed egg hatching for 48 h, mortality, and gut histology of the 3rd instar larvae after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatments. Results LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various active compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids in the ethanol extracts of all these plants. The extracts of all plants showed ovicidal activity. The extracts of C. purpurea showed the highest larvicidal activity (LC50 at 72 h = 0.088 mg/mL) followed by B. lacera (LC50 at 72 h = 0.758 mg/mL) while N. lancifolia and N. montholonii extracts did not show significant larvicidal activity. All plant extracts affected gut morphology in concentration and treatment duration-dependent manner. The plant extracts used in the present study have ovicidal properties and affected the gut histology of A. aegypti larvae. Conclusion These results suggest that C. purpurea has the highest larvicidal activity against A. aegypti larvae and can be further evaluated for application purposes.
In Laboratory and Field bioassays, the higher concentrations of shoot aqueous extracts of Neanotis lancifolia (Hook. f.) W.H. Lewis proved inhibitory to mungbean and rice. The highest concentration (10 %) of aqueous extract reduced the plumule and radicle length of both test crops. From the N. Lancifolia extracts, 15- allelochemicals (Phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, flavonols and glycerol) were identified by GC-MS. Of these 5 were major allelochemicals [Oleic acid, Glycidyl oleate, Linoleic acid, Palmitic acid and 18-Nonadecenoic acid]. These compounds at 5 DAS (days after sowing) significantly inhibited the seed germination in mungbean (58.38 %) and rice (57.48 %) at 5 DAS. The inhibitory effects of allelochemicals on seeds germination followed the order: Oleic acid> Glycidyl oleate >Linoleic acid > Palmitic acid > 18-Nonadecenoic acid. The radicle and plumule growth at 11 DAS also followed the same trend. The metabolic changes in both mungbean and rice crops revealed that the aqueous extract reduced the protein, carbohydrates, phenols, tannins and flavonoids contents and the reductions were concentration dependent. We found that the allelopathic potential of N. lancifolia (Hook.f.) W.H. Lewis was due to the presence of 15 inhibitory compounds identified in its extract.
In the present investigation chemical constituents of Cyathocline purpurea (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kuntze and Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. (Family-Compositae) were studied by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These two weeds are small herbs and well known for its potent medicinal properties. Total 17 and 27 compounds were identified from C. purpurea and B. lacera respectively. The major constituents in both the extracts were pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester (30.56 %), cis-phytol (21.26 %), α- cadinol (7.87 %), γ-cadinene (7.13 %), neophytadiene (3.81 %) and α-cubebene (1.82 %). GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as fatty acids, sesquiterpenoids, phenols, etc. in the acetone extracts of both the plants. The identified compounds have various biological activities.
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