Affordable and highly efficient photocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are desirable to replace expensive bulk noble-metal use. Currently, many renewable energy studies are ongoing, focusing on photocatalytic water splitting to generate hydrogen. Transition-metal oxide-embedded TiO 2 photocatalysts have emerged as superior catalysts for the HER. Herein, we synthesize two different ternary composites consisting of TiO 2based transition-metal mixed oxides embedded onto graphene oxide (GO) layers which provide superior photocatalytic activity and stability during the HER over conventional expensive catalysts. The Fe 2 O 3 −TiO 2 and V 2 O 5 −TiO 2 particles were well anchored onto GO sheets, which prevents the agglomeration and allows one to explore maximum surface active sites. The synergistic interaction within the composite via heterojunction formation and the enhanced photophysical nature of the composite were well characterized. The optimized composites of GO-embedded Fe−Ti mixed oxide composite (g-FTMO) and V−Ti mixed oxide composite (g-VTMO) having metal−metal molar ratio of 2:1 with a 3.5 % (w/v) catalyst loading exhibit HER rates of 398.18 and 373.01 μmol h −1 under solar radiation. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of optimized g-TMMO 2:1 was attributed to (i) the increased surface area by the incorporation of GO and (ii) the fact that the surface active sites with heterojunctions have lower e − −h + pair recombination and faster electron transfer rates. The results reveal that the prepared composites can be treated as effective photocatalysts during the HER, and the conclusions pave the way for exploration of new similar catalysts for other applications.

Corticosteroids are widely used compounds for allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, hormone replacement therapy etc. Hence, with widespread use and actions, these have several interactions with drugs and diseases. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about Corticosteroids prescribing and utilization pattern, to understand the prescribing behaviour of physicians and to identify drug interactions. A retrospective observational study was conducted in the department of dermatology and general medicine in a tertiary care hospital for 6 months. All the patients receiving any category of steroid therapy were included, and the prescribing and tapering pattern of steroids were reviewed. Drug utilization pattern (DUR) was observed and analysed among 150 patients during the study period. The results revealed that steroids were prescribed for various respiratory illnesses (66%) and skin-related conditions (34%). The steroid utilization was found to be more in elderly patients, particularly in males. Intravenous administration was common in 33% of cases. Budesonide was the most commonly prescribed steroid (36%), followed by Hydrocortisone (24%) and Dexamethasone (14%). The most frequent drug-drug interaction was between Hydrocortisone and Theophylline as well as Hydrocortisone and Hypoglycaemic agents. Most drugs were prescribed rationally, although some factors like prescribing drugs in the brand name, without mentioning route of administration, frequency and dose were deviating away from rationality. Not much variation was found in the pattern of prescription amongst healthcare professionals. Although most of the drugs were prescribed rationally, the involvement of a clinical pharmacist in patient care can help in more rational prescribing along with prevention and early detection of ADRs which can directly promote drug safety and better patient outcomes.

A novel electrocatalyst containing different percentage of Iron-Titanium mixed oxide onto graphene oxide (GO) support was prepared by embedding via thermal decomposition method (TD) and coated it on Cu substrate...

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