Gold nanoparticles are predominantly used in diagnostics, therapeutics and biomedical applications. The present study has been designed to synthesize differently capped gold nanoparticles (AuNps) by a simple, one-step, room temperature procedure and to evaluate the potential of these AuNps for biomedical applications. The AuNps are capped with glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and citrate using different reducing agents. This is the first report of synthesis of 2DG-AuNp by the simple room temperature method. The synthesized gold nanoparticles are characterized with UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) study of the synthesized AuNps shows increase in Raman signals up to 50 times using 2DG. 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiozol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay has been performed using all the three differently capped AuNps in different cell lines to assess cytotoxcity if any, of the nanoparticles. The study shows that 2DG-AuNps is a better candidate for theranostic application.

In the present study gold nanoparticles and glucose capped gold nanoparticles are synthesized by chemical route method and characterized using UV-SPR, FTIR and TEM analysis. Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay was used to study DNA damage. Studies show that glucose capped gold nanoparticles are less toxic as compare to gold nanoparticles at DNA level. Somewhat larger gold nanoparticle used to monitor endocytosis in log-phase S. cervisiae spheroplasts at 10 to 30 µM was not reported to cause growth inhibition. It shows that glucose capped gold nanoparticles are nontoxic to yeast strain D7. DNA damage was observed by using standard method called Yeast comet assay, which provides a very sensitive method for detecting strand breaks and repair kinetics in single cells. Studies showed that 5 µM-30 µM having very less sign of DNA damage in case of Glucose capped gold nanoparticles and it also shows toxic effect for without glucose capped gold nanoparticles. OTM for different concentration as shown in the image and OTM with respect to different concentration shows the DNA damage, these studies also correlated with survival studies.

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Industrial applications of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) demand simple, cost-effective, eco-friendly and scalable synthesis methods. Besides, some applications desire rGO with specific functional groups. Therefore, we employed a simple one-step hydrothermal method to produce carbonyl functional group rich partially reduced graphene oxide using glucose as a sole precursor. We characterized the sample by XRD, XPS, FTIR, UV-Vis, Raman, SEM and DLS techniques. The characterization confirmed the formation of peripheral carbonyl-rich partially reduced graphene oxide. The sample contains 2-3 layers and has moderate zeta potential. We also proposed a plausible reaction mechanism to provide insight into the structural evolution. The reaction involved 2 sub-stages: (1) conversion of glucose into carbonyl-rich graphene oxide through successive chemical modifications, (2) partial reduction of formed graphene oxide by remaining unreacted glucose. Here, glucose acted as both precursor as well as reducing agent. As glucose is the sole material in the process and the reaction is carried out at a moderate temperature, the method is eco-friendly and cost-effective. The carbonyl functional groups present in the sample enable further functionalization and also provide good dispersibility in water which makes them useful in biomedical and water treatment related applications.

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