No abstract

The article evaluates the impact of tax support for R&D on the volume of R&D outputs generated by companies. The number of patent applications was chosen as the R&D metric for business output. Both linear dependence using linear regression and non-linear dependence using decision trees were used within the research. The significance of indirect support in the context of other sources of funding R&D activities of companies was primarily assessed. The dependence of the number of patent applications on individual sources of financing of the Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D was examined. Even after scaling variables, the research in the period under review confirmed the strongest dependence between the number of patent applications and the financial resources provided by the Business enterprise sector for all countries surveyed. Subsequently, the model reduced by the impact of Business enterprise sector resources was created. Of the three remaining variables considered, the analysis showed the strongest dependence of the number of patent applications on the amount of indirect support. The research points to the fact that impact of tax support on the volume of relevant R&D outputs is relatively significant.

Sustainable economic development and current global challenges accentuate businesses’ innovative activities across the size spectrum. Developed countries are looking for ways to support the acceleration of R&D activities. A mix of direct and indirect instruments is used for this purpose. Indirect instruments are implemented in the corporate environment primarily through various tax incentives. A widespread form of tax incentives represents the possibility of reducing the tax base by expenses related to R&D activities. The article analyses the amount and structure of companies in the Czech Republic, which use the deduction for research and development. The research sample includes all companies that filled out their tax returns between 2009 and 2020. The established hypotheses are tested using the methods of descriptive statistics, the Chi-Square test of independence, and the analysis of variance. The research results confirm a statistically significant difference between the average number of companies using deduction for research and development if those companies are classified according to their size. In addition, it was revealed that the number of companies using deduction for research and development has gradually declined since 2015. Furthermore, it was found that the structure of companies using the deduction for research and development changes over time.

The graphical method of magic quadrangle is the method used at a macroeconomics level to assess the national economy. This method is based on the assumption of achieving the four main goals of the economic policy which are defined as the GDP growth rate, balanced payments in current accounts, optimal inflation rate and optimal unemployment rate. When constructing the "Magic Quadrangle" appropriate for the level of a company as a macroeconomics subject on the supply side, the standard macroeconomics magnitudes were replaced, so that, the chosen indicators evaluate equally the four main areas mentioned above: the growth of earnings before taxes, the share of sales abroad from the total revenues, the revenues for the real volume unit of production and the demand for production in the number of workers. The graphical method of the magic quadrangle applied at a microeconomic level can work for the management of the company as a supportive indicator of its financial "health". The key factor in applying this method is the option of suitable indicators for setting up their optimal (final) figures. Considering the variability of individual microeconomic subjects, it is necessary to have an individual approach to those mentioned above.

For implementing partial activities, companies utilize a broad portfolio of financing resources. These resources can be analyzed from various angles. They are usually broken down into company's equity and debt sources. Although, the decision about resource utilization is influenced by many factors, the cost of capital is the most prominent aspect that enters this process. When examining the prices of company's equity and debt capital, it is necessary to take into account selected provisions of the tax laws which may significantly affect the cost of capital. The subject of the article is a research in the field of company debt resources. There are a number of circumstances that encourage companies to choose this method of financing. It is obvious that the motivation for the use of debt resources is different in terms of a company size. Our research was directed to explore this issue. There were investigated and evaluated the reasons for the use of debt resources of financing for the activities of variously sized companies in the Czech Republic. The research used primary data obtained by selective questionnaire survey. Using a comparative analysis, the data was processed, evaluated and interpreted. The output of the article confirms the categorization of the various factors influencing decisions about the use of debt resources with regard to the size of the surveyed companies.