In most countries, the pavement of motor roads, airfields and other trafficked areas is made of hot‐mix asphalt (HMA) mixture prepared by asphalt mixing plants (AMP) of various designs. The total output of HMA mixtures shows the dynamics of national road transport infrastructure's development, corresponding to the increasing number of vehicles, traffic intensity and axle loading. HMA mixtures are made by using various technologies, which have some advantages and disadvantages. The paper presents technological schemes of making HMA mixtures used in Lithuania and other countries. The development of AMP and technical and technological characteristics of new computer‐aided AMP models used at various asphalt production companies (APC) were analysed. Based on the data provided by the European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA), the correlational‐regression relation between the country's area and the amount of the produced HMA mixtures was established. The data on the total output of HMA mixtures in Lithuania cannot be found in the information provided by EAPA. For the first time, the dynamics of the production of HMA mixtures by particular APC in Lithuania over the last 10 years (1998–2007) has been determined based on the data directly obtained from their manufacturers. The data were analysed and compared to the output of HMA mixtures in other countries and the dynamics of the development of AMP models used in Lithuania and changes in their numbers were determined. Santrauka Daugelyje šalių automobilių kelių, skridimo aikštelių ir kitų eismo zonų danga įrengiama iš karšto maišymo asfalto (KMA) mišinio, pagaminto skirtingos konstrukcijos asfaltbetonio maišytuvuose (ABM). KMA mišinio gamybos apimtys rodo šalies kelių transporto infrastruktūros plėtros dinamiką ir atitiktį didėjantį automobilių skaičių, jų eismo intensyvumą ir ašies apkrovas. KMA mišinys gaminamas taikant skirtingas technologijas, turinčias privalumų ir trūkumų. Darbe pateiktos Lietuvos Respublikos ir kitų šalių KMA mišinių gamybos technologijos schemos. Išanalizuota ABM tobulinimo raida ir įmonėse veikiančių naujų modelių kompiuteriais valdomų ABM techninės ir technologinės charakteristikos. Naudojant European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA) duomenis, gauta koreliacinė-regresinė šalies ploto ir pagaminto KMA mišinio kiekio sietis. EAPA skelbiamoje informacijoje nėra duomenų, rodančių suminius Lietuvoje pagaminto KMA mišinių kiekius. Pirmą kartą iš asfalto mišinių gamintojų surinkus ir susisteminus duomenis, tiesiogiai gauta 10 metų (1998–2007) Lietuvos Respublikos asfaltbetonio gamyklose (ABG) pagaminto KMA mišinių kiekio dinamika ir ji palyginta su kitose šalyse pagaminto KMA mišinio kiekiais. Atlikta Lietuvoje veikiančių ABM modelių ir skaičiaus kaitos dinamika.

With the automotive industry moving towards automated driving, sensing is increasingly important in enabling technology. The virtual sensors allow data fusion from various vehicle sensors and provide a prediction for measurement that is hard or too expensive to measure in another way or in the case of demand on continuous detection. In this paper, virtual sensing is discussed for the case of vehicle suspension control, where information about the relative velocity of the unsprung mass for each vehicle corner is required. The corresponding goal can be identified as a regression task with multi-input sequence input. The hypothesis is that the state-of-art method of Bidirectional Long–Short Term Memory (BiLSTM) can solve it. In this paper, a virtual sensor has been proposed and developed by training a neural network model. The simulations have been performed using an experimentally validated full vehicle model in IPG Carmaker. Simulations provided the reference data which were used for Neural Network (NN) training. The extensive dataset covering 26 scenarios has been used to obtain training, validation and testing data. The Bayesian Search was used to select the best neural network structure using root mean square error as a metric. The best network is made of 167 BiLSTM, 256 fully connected hidden units and 4 output units. Error histograms and spectral analysis of the predicted signal compared to the reference signal are presented. The results demonstrate the good applicability of neural network-based virtual sensors to estimate vehicle unsprung mass relative velocity.

Reliability and maintenance analysis of transport machines hydraulic drives, basically focused to power units: pumps, cylinders etc., without taking in to account junction elements. Therefore, this paper proposes a research analysis on high-pressure hoses and junctions during technical maintenance. Comparative analysis of fluid behavior and energy efficiency inside non-repaired and repaired high-pressure hoses is presented in this research. Theoretical and experimental research results for hydraulic processes inside high-pressure hose is based on the numerical simulations using Navier–Stokes equations and experimental measurement of fluid flow pressure inside high-pressure hoses. Research of fluid flow dynamics in the hydraulic system was made with main assumptions: system flow rate in the range from 5 to 100 l/min, diameter of the hoses and repairing fitting are 3/8". The pressure drops, power losses, flow coefficients at non-repaired and after maintenance hose was obtained as a result. Simulation results were verified by running physical experiments to measure the pressure losses.

This paper proposes a multi-objective Green Vehicle Routing Problem (G-VRP) considering two types of vehicles likely company-owned vehicle and third-party logistics in the imprecise environment. Focusing only on one objective, especially the distance in the VRP is not always right in the sustainability point of view. Here we present a bi-objective model for the G-VRP that can address the issue of the emission of GreenHouse Gases (GHGs). We also consider the demand as a rough variable. This paper uses the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to solve the proposed model. Finally, it uses Multicriteria Optimization and Compromise Solution (abbreviation in Serbian – VIKOR) method to determine the best alternative from the Pareto front.

This paper identifies mechanical vibrations occurring in the operating environment of hydraulic systems used in marine engineering. Particular attention was paid to the influence of periodic vibrations on changes in the amplitude-frequency spectrum in a marine hydraulic system. For the case of analysing the effect of vibration on changes in the pressure pulsation spectrum with a proportional directional valve, a modified mathematical model was used. Experimental results were presented and compared with the results obtained from the mathematical model. A way of limiting the transmission of vibrations to the directional control valve body was proposed.