Memantine might be a tolerable and efficacious option for prophylaxis in patients with migraine without aura. Tolerability, short duration required for titration, and safety profile in pregnancy might give memantine an advantage over other antimigraine medications. The study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Registration number: IRCT2013120115616N1).

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is the seventh member of the bat severe acute respiratory syndrome family. COVID‐19 can fuse their envelopes with the host cell membranes and deliver their genetic material. COVID‐19 attacks the respiratory system and stimulates the host inflammatory responses, enhances the recruitment of immune cells, and promotes angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 activities. Patients with confirmed COVID‐19 may have experienced fever, dry cough, headache, dyspnea, acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and acute heart injury. Several strategies such as oxygen therapy, ventilation, antibiotic or antiviral therapy, and renal replacement therapy are commonly used to decrease COVID‐19‐associated mortality. However, these approaches may not be good treatment options. Therefore, the search for an alternative‐novel therapy is urgently important to prevent the disease progression. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a promising strategy for COVID‐19. The design of oligonucleotide against the genetic material of COVID‐19 might suppress virus RNA translation. Several previous studies have shown that host miRNAs play an antiviral role and improve the treatment of patients with COVID‐19. miRNAs by binding to the 3′‐untranslated region (UTR) or 5′‐UTR of viral RNA play an important role in COVID‐19‐host interplay and viral replication. miRNAs interact with multiple pathways and reduce inflammatory biomarkers, thrombi formation, and tissue damage to accelerate the patient outcome. The information in this review provides a summary of the current clinical application of miRNAs for the treatments of patients with COVID‐19.

Clay nanoparticles are among the most applicable and cost-affordable materials, all of which have a variety of applications in case of medical science. In this chapter, key characteristics of the clay nanoparticles along with their major groups, structure, morphology, and physicochemical properties were evaluated. Thereafter, the applications of clay nanoparticles in the field of nanocomposite, polymeric matrices, and medicine were investigated, while specimen production procedures were also reviewed. The main focus of this chapter is to investigate the applications of clay nanoparticles in bio-and medical science. In fact, organically modified clay nanoparticles (organoclays) are an attractive class of hybrid organic-inorganic nanomaterials with potential applications in case of polymer nanocomposites, rheological properties modification, and drug delivery carrier.

Background: Minimizing ischemic-reperfusion injury following valvular heart surgeries is very important with the goal of providing appropriate cardiac systolic function, preventing arrhythmic events as well as inhibiting ischemic related processes. Due to the protective effects of adenosine, this chemical has been used as an additive to a cardioplegic solution for achieving this purpose. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the effects of cold blood cardioplegia with adenosine on hemodynamic status of patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Methods: This randomized single-blinded clinical trial was performed on 40 consecutive patients who were candidates for mitral valve surgery. The patients were randomly assigned to receive cold blood cardioplegia in combination with or without adenosine or hyperkalemic cardioplegia as the control. Primary endpoints were returning sinus rhythm, requiring inotropes after cardiopulmonary bypass and secondary endpoints were the change in hemodynamic parameters and postoperative complications. Results: Except for mean time required for induction of cardiac arrest that was significantly shorter in intervention group, no differences were found between the two groups regarding cardiopulmonary bypass time, cross clamp duration, and rhythm return time. In assessment of postoperative consequences, there were no differences in post-procedural events with respect to returning sinus rhythm, requiring inotropes, requiring DC shock, mean intubation time, length of ICU stay and also left ventricular systolic function. Conclusions: Except for reducing the time for inducing cardiac arrest within mitral valve surgery, adding adenosine to cold blood cardioplegia may not be beneficial regarding the improvement of postoperative outcome.