Many microbial, fungal, or oomcyete populations violate assumptions for population genetic analysis because these populations are clonal or partially clonal. Furthermore, few tools exist that are specifically designed for analyzing data from clonal populations, making analysis difficult and haphazard. We developed the R package poppr providing unique tools for analysis of data from admixed, clonal, and/or mixed populations. Currently, poppr can be used for dominant/codominant and haploid/diploid genetic data. Data can be imported from several formats including GenAlEx formatted text files and can be analyzed on a user-defined hierarchy that includes unlimited levels of subpopulation structure and clone censoring. New functions include calculation of Bruvo’s distance for microsatellites, batch-analysis of the index of association with several indices of genotypic diversity, and graphing including dendrograms with bootstrap support and minimum spanning networks. A manual with documentation and examples is provided. Poppr is open source and major releases are available on CRAN: http://cran.r-project.org/package=poppr. More supporting documentation and tutorials can be found under ‘resources’ at: http://grunwaldlab.cgrb.oregonstate.edu/.

In this article we consider a certain sub class of Integer Equal Flow problem, which are known NP hard. Currently there exist no direct solutions for the same. It is a common problem in various inventory management systems. Here we discuss a local minima solution which uses projection of the convexspaces to resolve the equal flows and turn the problem into a known linear integer programming or constraint satisfaction problem which have reasonable known solutions and can be effectively solved using simplex or other standard optimization strategies

In this article, we briefly describe various tools and approaches that algebraic geometry has to offer to straighten bent objects. throughout this article we will consider a specific example of a bent or curved piece of paper which in our case acts very much like an elastica curve. We generalize this model to various shapes of paper which are stretched and bent and then finally implement it on a standard 80mg paper and see how the folds on paper can be completely removed using python and sage-math code. We conclude this article with a suggestion to algebraic geometry as a viable and fast performer alternative of neural networks in vision and machine learning.The purpose of this article is not to build a full blown framework but to show evidence or possibility of using algebraic geometry as an alternative to recognizing or extracting features on manifolds.

In this article, we briefly describe various tools and approaches that algebraic geometry has to offer to straighten bent objects. throughout this article we will consider a specific example of a bent or curved piece of paper which in our case acts very much like an elastica curve. We generalize this model to various shapes of paper which are stretched and bent and then finally implement it on a standard 80mg paper and see how the folds on paper can be completely removed using python and sage-math code. We conclude this article with a suggestion to algebraic geometry as a viable and fast performer alternative of neural networks in vision and machine learning.The purpose of this article is not to build a full blown framework but to show evidence or possibility of using algebraic geometry as an alternative to recognizing or extracting features on manifolds.

In this article we consider a certain sub class of Integer Equal Flow problem, which are known NP hard. Currently there exist no direct solutions for the same. It is a common problem in various inventory management systems. Here we discuss a local minima solution which uses projection of the convexspaces to resolve the equal flows and turn the problem into a known linear integer programming or constraint satisfaction problem which have reasonable known solutions and can be effectively solved using simplex or other standard optimization strategies