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The global pandemic triggered by the new COVID-19 led to severe limitations in daily life, both private and professional. Almost all companies have been affected in one way or another. The COVID-19 crisis imposed new challenges for enterprises. As a result, many companies have been forced to rethink how to align many of their processes and practices with the new COVID-19 context, and fulfill their mission while maintaining a safe and secure management business operating environment for both employees and customers. This paper aims to bring empirical evidence, through a questionnaire survey, of the positive influence of using Lean Management tools and Industry 4.0 technologies on five organizational dimensions (strategy, leadership, culture, operations and products, and technology). Data from 98 Algerian and French companies of different sizes and representing various activity sectors was collected. Respondents were asked to answer 5 organizational dimensions (strategy, leadership, culture, operations and products, and technology) in the context COVID-19 crisis. Statistical analysis was performed through path coefficient using a Smart PLS. The results show that Industry 4.0 technologies tend to be strongly associated with Lean management tools, and that understanding the relationship between Lean management tools and Industry 4.0 technologies can improve the organizational dimensions: leadership, strategy, operation, and production. This research provides managerial implications that can help managers to understand the synergies and benefits of integrating and implementing Lean 4.0 tools and technologies in organizations in both crises and regular contexts.

Algeria is a country known for its diversity. Indeed, each of its regions stands out for its urban landscape, heritage, customs and traditions. The urban landscape of the Souf region is exceptional. This one is known for the originality of its architecture. Its two old districts "Messaaba and Acheche" having the status of safeguarded sector since the year 2013, were endowed with a project of elaboration of the permanent plan of safeguarding. The citizen is a key element in this project because it is the element that makes this heritage live. Therefore, citizen dialogue must be at the heart of the project process. To facilitate the consultation process and win public confidence for its full support to projects, it is necessary to establish a collaborative approach and establish mechanisms connecting the project. The effectiveness of its participation depends on individual differences. These variables could be demographic (age groups, educational level, economic context ... .etc), personality, or sense of community. The purpose of this article is to examine sense of community level that influences the process of participation of citizens concerned by the elaboration of the permanent safeguarding plan project, through a survey that was initiated with the inhabitants of two old districts "Messaaba and Acheche" to the city of El Oued.

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Citizens are social actors willing to give their time and energy to participate in collective projects, in order to live better in their built environment. Thus, the inhabitant is not only apprehended as a figure of belonging to a place, but he is perceived as being able to act on his environment, to be in connection with it. He is the one who invents his living environment and, beyond, transforms the city in the same way as the other actors. Individuals must acquire skills to become effective participatory citizens and live together in peace and on an equal footing in democratic societies. The recent work in the social sciences, which deals with "scholarly knowledge" and "ordinary knowledge", makes it possible to conclude on this notion of skills and to make the link with the question of the participation of the inhabitants. The "scholarly knowledge" is classified as scientific academic and professional knowledge, opposing knowledges qualified as profane or ordinary, that is to say, shared "by all or part of the social world". From a systemic point of view, the process of participation would be the meeting of these academic knowledge and lay knowledge. The purpose of this article is to understand what types of skills the resident uses, as a resource person, a living force, to engage in the process of participation.