Swarna bindu prashana (SBP) is a metallic medicinal preparation widely used in Ayurveda pediatrics. The main ingredients of SBP are swarna prashan (gold nanoparticle), gou ghrita (cow ghee), madhu (honey), and other medhya dravyas (drugs which enhance intellectual, memory). According to the Indian classical text, SBP has been proposed as a potent medicine for immunotherapies and vaccine development due to its indefinite size, shapes, charges, and surface functionality. In this review, we describe the plausible mechanism of SBP in dendritic cells maturation and subsequent T cell activation. But being herbo-metallic preparation, its safety and efficacy are well supported by the classical publications of Ayurveda . To conclude, SBP is an immune booster for infants against any viral disease, and it is necessary to validate its safety and efficacy through systematic methodological research.

No abstract

No abstract

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the short-term cost per controlled patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with liraglutide 1.2mg/day vs. sitagliptin 100mg/day in Italy. METHODS: A composite endpoint defined as "HbA1c< 7% AND no weight gain AND no hypoglycemia" was adopted to describe the controlled T2DM patient. Based on data from a clinical trial (1860-Lira-DPP4) and a meta-analysis (Zinman et al 2012), the percentage of patients achieving the composite endpoint after 26 and 52 weeks with liraglutide and sitagliptin were obtained. In addition, responder rates after 78 weeks were obtained for patients switching at 52 weeks from sitagliptin to liraglutide and a hypothetical cohort continuing on sitagliptin. Treatment cost was calculated from the perspective of the Italian National Health System over a 26-, 52-and 78-week time horizon. The cost-effectiveness primary outcome was the cost per patient achieving the composite endpoint. RESULTS: Despite a daily medication cost ratio of 2.30 between liraglutide and sitagliptin, after 26 weeks liraglutide resulted in a lower cost per controlled patient, both with efficacy data extracted from the clinical trial (€ 1,460 vs. € 1,820) and from a meta-analysis of available liraglutide trials (€ 1,593 vs. € 2,234). At 52 weeks, liraglutide cost per controlled patient is also slightly lower than with sitagliptin (€ 2,627 vs. € 2,649). At 78 weeks, in patients who have switched from sitagliptin to liraglutide at 52 weeks, the cost per controlled patient is lower than that of the hypothetical group of patient controlled with 78 weeks of continued sitagliptin treatment (€ 2,889 vs. € 3,970). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that, due to higher effectiveness, liraglutide 1.2mg/day is associated with better cost-effectiveness results than sitagliptin 100mg/day after 26 and 52 weeks. Moreover, switching patients from sitagliptin after 52 weeks to liraglutide might result in a clinical benefit that may lower the cost per controlled patient with respect to 78-weeks of continued sitagliptin treatment.