Introduction: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is multidrug resistant (MDR) organism usually associated with hospital acquired infections. Here we report a rare case of community acquired S. maltophilia empyema in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patient. Case Report: A 54 year old male presented with cough, breathlessness and chest pain for one month. On investigation, radiological picture was suggestive of massive right empyema. Pleural fluid culture grew S. maltophilia repeatedly which was treated with cotrimoxazole and levofloxacin based on antibiogram. Following improvement patient was discharged on anti-retro viral and anti-tubercular treatment. Conclusion: Community acquired invasive S. maltophilia infections should be kept as differential diagnosis in immunocompromised patients. Being MDR, appropriate microbiological identification and susceptibility play an important role in treatment and outcome of these patients.

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The HIV/AIDS epidemic remains unabated due to the lack of a cure or vaccine. Combination antiretroviral treatment has significantly improved patient outcomes, but it must be taken continuously,may have severe side effects, and is no longer effective for those whose viruses have developed resistance. Nanomedicine is a cutting-edge illustration of how nanotechnology, a multidisciplinary new science, is influencing healthcare in the twenty-first century. It might dramatically enhance HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention overtime. In this paper, the challenges ofthe current HIV/AIDS treatment are examined, followed by a discussion of the amazing potential ofnanotechnology to increase the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy, and gene therapy.