Overturned shelves and fallen objects scattered on floors are one of the most frequently observed forms of nonstructural damage after earthquakes. The term 'clutter' is adopted in this study to represent this type of damage. Clutter may cause obstructions and thus hinder the use of a room. Making a seismic evaluation of clutter is a daunting task, due to the diversity of the types of shelves and objects and the way the objects are stored. Nonetheless, in order to achieve performance-based seismic evaluation, especially for critical facilities such as hospitals, it is reasonable to undertake the estimation of clutter when examining the association between the performance of structural and nonstructural elements. Of particular interest in this paper is clutter caused by objects stored on medicine shelves in pharmacies, which are one of the critical departments for delivering post-earthquake emergency care. Shake table tests were conducted on three conventional types of medicine shelves. Sinusoidal waves and earthquake motions were input uniaxially. The results of the tests using the sinusoidal wave input indicated the relationship between the input excitation intensity and clutter level expressed in scattering distance from the front of the shelf. Tests using earthquake motion input were then conducted and the results were compared with those for sinusoidal waves. Based on a comparison of the results from these tests, criteria for the seismic evaluation of clutter caused by medicine shelves due to earthquakes were proposed. medical services [1]. Pharmacies have a high risk of sustaining clutter in an earthquake as they house a large number of shelves that are loaded with many medications [2]. The immediate normal supply of medicine is thus directly influenced by the level of clutter in pharmacies, and so this study focuses on this problem in the aftermath of a seismic event.The overturning of an unanchored shelf is considered to be the most serious clutter situation caused by a single shelf as it occupies the floor area of its height by its width after it overturns. The overturning of objects has drawn much research attention as it can be a threat to human safety. Much research, both numerically and experimentally, has been conducted on the overturning of rigid bodies. To evaluate whether a rigid body will overturn when subjected to an earthquake, the equations (see Equations (1) and (2)) proposed by Milne [5] and Ishiyama [6] are usually adopted to estimate the overturning acceleration A 0 , and velocity V 0 , which are the lower limit of the peak acceleration and velocity of the input excitation necessary to overturn a rectangular rigid body that is being restrained from sliding, respectively.

In 2014, there were about 160 thousands community pharmacists in Japan. Community pharmacists are health care workers who help victims in a disaster and are potential resources who can provide disaster relief. However, currently the disaster relief activities of community pharmacists are merely a resourceful and ‰exible demonstration of their professional abilities and not a speciˆcally organized activity. Therefore, disaster relief education programs for community pharmacists are being explored and studies are still in the nascent stage. In this study, pharmacists of a pharmaceutical organization in Kobe City were asked to reply to a questionnaire survey so that their hopes and ideas about the disaster relief activities that they carry out can help build eŠective educational programs to enhance relief activities. Finally, 8 factors (cumulative contribution rate: 90.9％) were extracted by factor analysis (maximum likelihood method, the diagonal elements: squared multiple correlation, quartimin rotation) of the 25 questions. In addition, a hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward method) by the factor scores of the extracted 8 factors resulted in 7 groups. Theˆnd-ings revealed the groups into which the community pharmacists were divided and their hopes and ideas about disaster relief. We expect that these results could bring awareness about the disaster relief activities suitable for each community pharmacist, provide appropriate training opportunities for those who volunteer, and motivate daily studies and preparations for disaster relief activities among community pharmacists.

No abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate anticancer drug exposure of non-health care professionals who administer drugsthrough a tube employing a method devised by us.Methods: The subjects were 30 general volunteers aged 22-84 years. They wore gloves and administered Indian ink, simulating an anticancer drug, toa multipurpose adult human-type patient care simulator through a tube using 5 types of syringe, and the area stained with Indian ink was measured.Results: When comparing the number of pixels among the syringes regardless of age, Syringe B showed the lowest number (11.8±3.1 cm2), and therewas a significant difference between Syringes B and E. Furthermore, we compared the total number of pixels in each age group regardless of the typeof syringe. In the 20-year-old group, it was the lowest (10.9±2.3 cm2) showing significant differences in comparison with the other groups. WhenSyringe B was used, the number of pixels was markedly lower than on adopting the other syringes.Conclusion: It was clarified that the level of exposure to anticancer drugs markedly varies depending on the type of syringe and age. It was alsoclarified that the method to evaluate exposure to anticancer drugs using Indian ink devised by us is simple and useful.Keywords: Oral anticancer drugs, Simple suspension method, Drug-administering persons’ exposure.