In recent years an increasing amount of both qualitative and quantitative research has shown that the presence of severe inequalities between 'culturally' defined groups, such as ethnic or religious groups -or what Stewart (2002) has termed 'horizontal inequalities'-makes countries more susceptible to a range of political disturbances, including violent conflict and civil war. Most quantitative studies that have found evidence in support of the relationship between the presence of horizontal inequalities and the emergence of violent conflicts have used an 'objective' measure of socioeconomic horizontal inequality in their statistical models, such as a household asset index or a schooling inequality index rather than a measure of perceived inequalities. While the quantitative studies on horizontal inequalities and violent conflict have contributed enormously towards establishing the relationship between these two concepts, the operationalization of horizontal inequalities in objective terms is to some extent problematic because people act on the basis of their perceptions of the world they live in, and these perceptions may differ substantially from the 'objective' reality. The question to what extent objective and subjective horizontal inequalities are consistent in practice is an important empirical question, which this paper explores in five African countries: Ghana,

The shortage of qualified human capital is a major impediment to development. In the field of international development cooperation, training programs (TPs) have been widely employed to enhance the capacity of workforces in developing countries. This paper investigates the conditions in which these programs can contribute not only to individual human resource development but also to organization-level reform and innovation in developing countries. The methods were regression analyses of training monitoring records as well as follow-up e-mail interviews with former participants of information and communication technology TPs sponsored by the Japanese International Cooperation Agency. The research reveals that bilateral communication between training participants and the home organizations during the training plays a key role in increasing the probability of successful organization-level transfer of individual-level learning, irrespective of the original level of organization's absorptive capacity. The researchers examine the differences in transfer factors between the development aid context in their research and the paradigm case of the business organization found in much of the transfer literature.

No abstract

This paper tests the hypotheses that the tide of globalization undermines or reinforces the traditional types of social capital. Using the 2006 AsiaBarometer Survey data and applying two-level logit regression analysis, this paper found that social capital related to sense of trust or human nature and interpersonal relations can be augmented by globalization, while social capital regarding familialism and mindfulness can be weakened.

When two subshell electrons are considered simultaneously in many-electron atoms, the average subshell momentum p nl splits into two different momenta, low momentum p < nl and high momentum p > nl , where n and l are the principal and azimuthal quantum numbers. For the 102 atoms He through Lr in their ground states, the momenta p < nl and p > nl , as well as the momentum separation |p 1 − p 2 | nl , are systematically examined at the Hartree-Fock limit level. For a subshell nl, two exponents ζ nl < (est) and ζ nl > (est) estimated from the low and high momenta have good linear correlations with variationally determined exponents ζ nl < (var) and ζ nl > (var) used in the double-zeta description of atoms with Slater-type basis functions.