We present H $_{2}$ O maser data from a survey toward IRAS sources in the Galaxy with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. This survey had a 1$\sigma$ noise level as small as 0.24 Jy, resulting in one of the most sensitive water-maser surveys. The maximum distance of the masers to be detected by our survey is estimated to be 3 kpc for sources with $F_{\nu, \mathrm{1\,kpc}} <$ 10 Jy and 10 kpc for those with 10 Jy $\le F_{\nu, \mathrm{1\,kpc}} <$ 100 Jy, where $F_{\nu, \mathrm{1\,kpc}}$ is the maser flux density converted at a distance of 1 kpc. For strong masers with $F_{\nu, \mathrm{1\,kpc}} \ge$ 100 Jy, our survey could detect all sources in the Galaxy. We carried out a total of 2229 observations toward 1563 sources and detected water-maser emission toward 222 sources. Our survey newly found masers from 75 of the 222 sources. The maser spectra of the new sources are shown in addition to the line parameters of all the detected sources. Furthermore, we discovered an extremely high-velocity component with $V_\mathrm{LSR} = -146$kms$^{-1}$ toward a well-known source, NGC 7538 IRS 11. For the three sources of NGC 1333 IRAS 4A/B, IRAS 05329$-$0512, and 06053$-$0622, we succeeded to spatially separate multiple-velocity components.

The male dispersal patterns of western lowland gorillas (WLGs, Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are not well understood. To determine whether most silverbacks stay close to their relatives, we analyzed autosomal and Y-chromosomal microsatellites (STRs) in wild WLGs at Moukalaba, Gabon. We obtained STR genotypes for 38 individuals, including eight silverbacks and 12 adult females in an approximately 40 km(2) area. Among them, 20 individuals were members of one identified group (Group Gentil; GG), including one silverback and six adult females. The silverback sired all 13 of the offspring in GG and no Y-STR polymorphism within GG was found, as expected in a one-male group structure. Over all silverbacks sampled, Y-STR diversity was high considering the limited sampling area, and silverbacks with similar Y-STR haplotypes were not always located in nearby areas. Although the misclassification rate of kinship estimates in this study was not negligible, there were no kin dyads among all silverbacks sampled. These results suggest that silverbacks born in the same group do not stay close to each other after maturation. The Y-STR diversity in this study was similar to that of a previous study conducted in an area that was approximately 150 times larger than our study area. Similarity of WLG Y-STR diversity between studies at different sampling scales suggests that male gene flow may not be geographically limited. These results suggest that WLG males normally disperse from their natal areas after maturation, at least, in Moukalaba.

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Protoplasmic streaming in plant cells is directly visible in the cases of Chara corallina and Nitella flexilis, and this streaming is understood to play a role in the transport of biological materials. For this reason, related studies have focused on molecular transportation from a fluid mechanics viewpoint. However, the experimentally observed distribution of the velocity along the flow direction x, which exhibits two peaks at Vx = 0 and at a finite Vx(≠0), remains to be studied. In this paper, we numerically study whether this behavior of the flow field can be simulated by a 2D stochastic Navier-Stokes (NS) equation for Couette flow in which a random Brownian force is assumed. We present the first numerical evidence that these peaks are reproduced by the stochastic NS equation, which implies that the Brownian motion of the fluid particles plays an essential role in the emergence of these peaks in the velocity distribution. We also find that the position of the peak at Vx(≠0) moves with the variation in the strength D of the random Brownian force, which also changes depending on physical parameters such as the kinematic viscosity, boundary velocity, and diameter of the plant cells.