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Brownout, the loss of visibility caused by dust resultant of helicopter downwash, is a factor in the large majority of military helicopter accidents. As terahertz radiation readily propagates through the associated dust aerosols and is attenuated by atmospheric water vapor within short distances, it can provide low-profile imaging that improves effective pilot visibility. In order to model this application of terahertz imaging, it is necessary to determine the optical properties of obscurants at these frequencies. We present here a method of empirical calculation and experimental measurement of the complex refractive index of the obscuring aerosols. Results derived from terahertz time-domain spectral measurements are incorporated into the AFIT CDE Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference (LEEDR) software.

Additive manufacturing (AM) processes allow components to be directly produced from computer aided design (CAD) models by dividing them into thin two dimensional (2D) slices, which are built sequentially on top of one another [1]. Porosity plays a critical role in determining the mechanical behavior of additively and conventionally manufactured metal components. Defects such as voids decrease the strength and fatigue life of these components, which can limit the application of AM. Until the advent of serial sectioning, classical stereological methods that extrapolate information from 2D images were used to quantify porosity from microstructural analyses. Serial sectioning is a practical and direct method of obtaining 3D microstructures, especially when automated [2].In this study, we used the Robo-Met.3D® system to investigate the quantification of porosity in additively manufactured and conventional alloy components. Robo-Met.3D is a fully automated serial sectioning system that generates 2D optical microstructural data for 3D reconstruction in solid materials. Recent studies suggest some advantages of light optical microscopy based methods over nondestructive methods such as laser ultrasound and CT evaluations for additively manufactured samples [3] [4].Two samples of Ti 6Al 2Sn 4Zr 2Mo and Ti 6Al 4V manufactured by powder bed fusion (PBF) and a conventionally processed Inconel 100 sample, were analyzed for this study. Samples were excised from larger component builds, and were conventionally mounted in metallographic mounts (~38mm diameter x 25mm height) for automated serial sectioning. The IN 100 sample was etched with Kalling's reagent to enhance contrast, while the others were examined as polished.Optical images were automatically acquired with the microscope built into the Robo-Met.3D system. Acquisition parameters are shown in Table 1. Binary images for 2D analysis were made by selecting pixel intensity threshold using Fiji/ImageJ, and were stacked and aligned using Fiji. Next, 3D datasets including microstructure and porosity defects were reconstructed and visualized in 3D using Image-Pro Premier 3D software, version 9.3. Two of the resultant 3D renderings are shown in Figure 1, visualizing size-classified defect distributions and microstructure when etched.The pore size distributions from the complete 3D experimental datasets captured with Robo-Met.3D are calculated and summarized in Table 3. We compared Robo-Met.3D direct measurements of the pore size distribution in a volume of material in 2D based on classical stereology and in 3D based on direct observation of the volume. For selected sections in the volume analyzed, equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) was calculated, and compared to the volumetric porosity average calculated from the entire 3D volume. The variation in the porosity measure calculated from each 2D slice in this selection was significant. For the Ti6242 sample, the minima and maxima of estimates based on analysis of a single slice varied from -19 % to +17% below and above the mean of ...