In the present study, hepatic tumors were chemically induced in male Wistar Albino rats with Diethylnitrosamine. Hepatic ultrasonography was performed to detect the development of hepatic tumors clinically at the end of treatment period. In sonography, the presence of tumor nodules was appreciated as the indistinct hepatic borders and circumscribed varied echogenicity with distinct hyperechoic borders in the affected portion of liver in contrast to the liver of negative control rats which showed distinct borders, homogenous parenchyma and medium echogenicity.

The present study evaluates humoral response in vaccinated domestic dogs and cats intended for pettravel from India by Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). In present study, 184 serum samples from dogs (n=149) and cats (n=35), vaccinated within the period of one year against rabies were tested by RFFIT using PV-3462 strain of rabies virus and BHK 21 cells. Out of total studied 149 dogs samples (male-96, female-53), 122 showed titre ≥0.5 IU/ml and 27 below <0.5 IU/ml. Interestingly, all the 35 samples from cats showed titre ≥0.5 IU/ml. The protection observed in vaccinated dogs was 81.87 per cent and in vaccinated cats it was 100 per cent. The analysis showed serum sampling between 20-50 days will have higher percentage of vaccinates with neutralizing antibody titre > 0.5 IU / ml than those collected < 20 days and > 50 days. Association of the age factor of the vaccinated dogs and getting varied neutralizing antibody titre was evident. Whereas gender and breed based on size did not reveal any statistically significant effect on antibody titre. Furthermore, Out of eight vaccine brands, only one (V8) yielded 100 percent (9/9) protection, whereas the remaining

Immunophenotyping and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in mice mammary gland inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. haemolyticus and S. aureus isolated from bovine milk were studied. Swiss albino mice were inoculated with 50 μl (2×104 CFU organisms) per mammary gland (L4, L5, R4 and R5) through intramammary route. Mice were sacrificed at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, and blood and mammary gland tissues were collected for blood immunophenotyping and cytokine gene expression studies, respectively. CD4+ cells increased in S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and decreased in S. chromogenes inoculated mice. CD8 + cells increased in S. epidermidis compared to other groups. Proinflammatory cytokines showed increased expression of IL-1β (6 folds), IL-4 (3 folds), IL-6 (1 fold), IL-12 (5 folds), TNF-α (5 folds) and IFN-γ (2 folds) in S. aureus inoculated mice. S. epidermidis revealed 2 fold increase in IL-1β and IL-4, and 1 fold increase in IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ. S. chromogenes showed increased expression of 2 folds in IL-1β, IFN-γ; 3 folds in IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α and 7 folds in IL-12. S. haemolyticus revealed 2 folds increase in IL-1β, IL-12, TNF-α; 3 folds in IL-6 and 5 folds in IL-4. Hence, S. aureus caused severe mastitis in mice when compared to three coagulase negative staphylococcal (CNS) species. The proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4 and IFN-γ) can be used as an indicator for early detection and mice can be used as mastitis model to study CNS mastitis.