Purpose: This paper analyzes the development of the concept of subsidiarity, its relationship with management theories and the implementation of the principle of subsidiarity in the context of local self-government in Poland and Lithuania by conducting comparative research. Design/ methodology/ approach: The research was conducted based on methods of desk research of scientific literature, analysis of documents and their content from the Lithuanian and Polish parliaments’ commissions and using comparative approach methods. Findings: The research reveals the essential aspects of the concept of subsidiarity and the extent to which this principle is relevant in the work of the Committee on State Administration and Local Authorities of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania and Self-Government and Regional Policy Commission of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland in shaping the policy of self-government. The study demonstrates that subsidiarity principles are used in practice in a very incoherent way regarding public service regulations. Practical implications: The analysis is relevant, as an implementation of public policy in Lithuania and Poland increasingly calls for the integration of values into politics, which cannot be done without relying on certain principles. Research limitations: The generalizability of the results is limited by the number of parliamentary terms that have been taken into consideration. Originality/ value: The originality of this paper lies within the context in which this study took place—an international comparison of Lithuanian and Polish concepts that is rarely taken into consideration in the scientific literature.

Any business is at risk, however, tourism business is the most risky, because it differs in latitude, cause of occurrence and other indicators, and all this accumulates into possible negative results which come after they occur.  Risk management is a planned process in which organizations manage active crises. A crisis is defined as a time of difficulties or danger, and usually this is the time when you need to make difficult or dangerous decisions. By having a plan that describes the crisis management process, organizations can more easily adapt to the crisis.

This article discusses the transition of Lithuania after its freedom from annexation to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The tradition of local democracy and parliamentarism in Lithuania developed during the Middle Ages. However, this formation was interrupted by two occupations. When the country sought to re-established its independence, first at the beginning and then at the end of the twentieth century, the achievements of the neighbouring countries were followed by Lithuania hence no specific Lithuanian model emerged. The system of democracy at the central government level is founded on a semi-presidential management model, although there are several claims that is has a dominating role of the parliament. In practice, power is divided, which is crucial in a democratic state. While Lithuania has a decentralized law on self-government at the local level, this is restricted and controlled by a central government unable to develop local self-government and by local politicians who cling to their deemed valuable links with the central government hence unable to resist when their powers of self-government become weakened. And while Lithuania is in the process of developing into a modern democratic state, the nation is still on its way to maturity where more challenges and difficulties will arise.

Members of parliament have central constitutional roles in passing laws, approving budgets, being accountable to the people and making decisions on behalf of the entire nation. Thus they have necessarily to possess the needed capacities and qualifications enabling them to fulfil their functions efficiently and effectively in a complex and globalised world (Donohue and Holland, 2012). Purpose of this paper is to introduce the empirical research relating to the Lithuanian parliamentarians and former candidates to the parliament attitudes towards capacity building. The findings of this paper are based on the analysis of 29 semi-structured expert interviews conducted with the members of the Lithuanian parliament and former candidates to the parliament. The empirical research indicated that capacity building of the Lithuanian parliamentarians is not systematic and attitudes of the experts towards capacity building are ambiguous: from considerations that such activities are waste of tax payers' money to personal responsibility taking and active involvement into qualification development activities. The conclusions were made that the system of capacity building of the Lithuanian parliamentarians should be improved paying special attention to the parliamentarians' consciousness, ability to understand their own limitations and readiness to learn.

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