Background: Anterior knee pain is the most common problem in the young and sporting population. Quadriceps femoris angle and condylar distance are tools to assess the bio-mechanical function of the knee joint. The aim of this research was to give comparative data of quadriceps femoris angle and condylar distance in the Indian population (sedentary/sportsperson). The study also aims to know which parameter (condylar distance/quadriceps angle) is the better predictor for knee pain in the young Indian population.Materials and methods: This study was composed of a total of 130 individuals suffering from anterior knee pain which was divided into two categories; Sedentary and sportsperson. Each category consisted of 65 individuals. Q angle (goniometric method) and condylar distance (manual caliper) of each participant were calculated. A comparison of body parameters was done by independent t-test. Comparison between the two parameters (condylar distance and quadriceps angle) was done to know which is the better predictor of anterior knee pain.Results: Statistically significant sexual variation (p<0.05) was observed in both quadriceps angle and condylar distance in sedentary and sportsperson groups. Females had a higher value of Q angle than males (p<0.05). The difference in quadriceps angle was statistically significant (p<0.05) between sedentary and sportsperson groups. Cohen's kappa coefficient of Q angle was 0.72 while that of bi-condylar distance was 0.49. Conclusion: Q angle is a better indicator for anterior knee pain than condylar distance. Females in either category; sedentary and sportsperson, had higher Q angle in comparison to males making them more susceptible to disorders of the patellofemoral joint. Hence, encouragement and awareness are needed not only to carry out periodic screening of the susceptible population but also to emphasize its usage in clinical practice and the prognosis of the affected individual after treatment.

Proximal humerus fractures account for 4-5% of all fractures. Traditionally, the surgical treatment options for fractures of proximal humerus includes transosseous suture fixation, intramedullary nailing, plate-and-screw constructs and percutaneous pinning. The ideal treatment of displaced proximal humeral fracture is still the centre of scientific debate. The use of external fixators in the management of proximal humeral fractures has begun to gain acceptance over the last 10 years. The idea of biological fixation now leads to the fact that the blood supply to the head of the humerus is preserved. The smaller K-wires used in JESS have lesser risk of soft tissue, neural, and vascular injury. Multiple K-wires used add to the rotational stability to a reduced fracture. We hereby present our clinical experience in treating 18 such patients over a period of4 Years and 9 months by JESS. We used a novel frame structure as compared to those described elsewhere. The mean Constant -Murley score was 81 in our series. Overall, the results could be regarded as good. In our view, JESS should be considered as an alternative option in treating Neer's 2 part, 3 part and 4 part valgus impacted fractures with minimal complications and good results.

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OBJECTIVES:The present study is conducted to evaluate the fracture healing and functional results of combined dynamic with static external fixator for comminuted distal radius fracture. Material and methods: Twenty three adult patients with twenty six comminuted distal radius fractures between age group of 21-67yrs were included. There were five Fry kman type 6, ten Frykman type 7 and eight Frykman type 8 fractures. Closed reduction with ligamentotaxis and percutaneous k-wire fixation was done. Wrist spanning mini external fixator was applied and the kwires supporting the intra-articular reduction were incorporated into the fixator. The fixator was dynamized at 3 weeks by removing the metacarpal pins and cutting short the connecting rod. The dynamized frame was maintained for 3-6weeks. The patients were followed up for 1 year. Gartland and Werley scoring system was used to assess functional outcome. RESULTS: Average time to union was 7.4 weeks. 11 patients (48%) were rated as excellent, 9 (40%) rated as good and 3 (12%) as fair under Gartland and Werley score. CONCLUSION: Our technique of modified JESS fixator did demonstrate good anatomical restoration and early objective functional results.

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