In this study, polymer modified bitumen (PMB) from polyester polyols was prepared by bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) (BHET) which was obtained by glycolysis of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. The effect of polyester polyol structure on the rheological properties of PMB was investigated. Polyester polyols obtained by the reaction of various polyols and polycarboxylic acids. POL1, synthesized from BHET and adipic acid (AA), were blended with the bitumen resulting in improved stiffness, rutting resistance and fatigue performance with respect to neat bitumen. Also, the synergistic effects of the polyester polyol addition into styrene-butadiene-styrene modified bitumen (SBS-Bitumen) were investigated where this reference mixture contains SBS loading of 3 % according to the weight of bitumen. Although the addition of POL1(1.3:1) into SBS:Bitumen mixture at 3:3:94 weight ratio didn't alter the high temperature performance grade of PMB, POL1:SBS:Bitumen exhibited higher softening point, elastic recovery and rutting parameter than reference mixture. The early stage promising results of this study indicated the potential benefits of polyester polyol as bitumen modifier. Also, this study showed that the use of BHET obtained by PET waste as a starting material for polyester polyol synthesis could be an alternative way to utilize plastic waste.

In this work, the effects of Chicken egg shell powder (ESP) on the properties of Poly(Lactic Acid) PLA/ESP composite films (products) were examined. 4 wt.% PLA solution prepared and ESP added to solution at wt. %10, %20, %30, %50. PLA and PLA/ESP films prepared by the film-casting method. The mechanical and thermal behaviours of the composites were investigated using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), xray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanic anaylsis (DMA) and polarized optical microscopic analysis. While ESP added in different amounts into the PLA film also increases the crystal density the composite film as the amount of substance increases. Also, as the amount of ESP in the product increased, the thermal stability of the composite films increases and a sharper and roughness structure is occurs. % 10 and % 20 ESP added composites had elasticity properties as PLA, while high-strength composite film formation was observed at % 30 and %50 ESP added composites. So, the storage modulus is seen at a higher level than normal PLA. These composites could be used in packaging application because of reducing light permeability properties and high-strength composite film formation.

In this study, effective and easily accessible cheap catalysts that assist converting heavy oil residue to lighter products with high yield are investigated. Hydrocracking experiments were carried out in a 10 ml stainless steel bomb-type reactor with up and down stirrer at 200 times of reciprocation per minute. The catalyst mixture provided the minimum coke production was investigated. FeSO4.H2O, the binary mixtures of FeSO4.H2O with metal oxides (Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO, SiO2) and the mixtures Fe2O3, Al2O3 and SiO2 with elementary sulphur were used as catalyst. Experiments were conducted at 425 0 C for 90 minutes with the initial pressure 100 bar H2. The amount of coke, liquid products and C5-gas products were calculated for each experiment. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H NMR) and elemental analysis were used for Iranian heavy oil residue. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) was used to analyze the catalyst. According to the results, minimum coke production is achieved by FeSO4.H2O+SiO2 catalyst. Although minimum coke production achieved with FeSO4.H2O+SiO2, middle distillate containing toluene soluble fraction (TSF) was maximized with Fe2O3+Al2O3+Sulphur catalyst mixture. In addition, the product selectivity in the reactions with the least coke formation showed selectivity in the direction of the formation of gas and light products, not in the direction of liquid product formation.

Bu çalışmada, sentez gazından doğrudan dimetileter (DME) eldesi kapsamında ülkemizde bulunan klinoptilolit doğal zeolitinden yola çıkılarak D-Klinoptilolit (DK) isimli yeni katalizör sentezlenmiştir. Sentezlenen bu katalizör CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 (CZA) katalizörü ile 1/3 ve 2/1 oranında modifiye edilerek yeni katalizör bileşimleri elde edilmiştir. DME eldesi için sisteme besleme yapılacak olan gazların bileşimi % hacimce sırasıyla H2/CO/CO2/N2 = 36/18/10/36 olacak şekilde sisteme beslenmiştir. Gaz bileşimi oranları ile 2 farklı katalizör bileşimi, sabit yataklı, yüksek basınçlı ve sürekli akışlı reaksiyon sisteminde 250 °C, 275 °C ve 300 °C sıcaklıklarda, 30 ve 40 bar basınç altında ve 30,60,90 ve 120 dakikalarda aktivite testlerine tabi tutulmuştur. Katalizörlerin ve doğal zeolitin karakterizasyonu amacıyla X-işini difraktometresi (XRD), Yüzey Alanı Ölçüm Cihazı (BET), Termogravimetrik Analiz (TGA), Fourier Dönüşümlü Kizilötesi (FTIR) analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmalarda 2 farklı oranda hazırlanan katalizör bileşimlerinin, farklı reaksiyon süreleri, reaksiyon basıncı ve reaksiyon sıcaklıklarında dimetileter seçiciliği (SDME) ve toplam karbon dönüşümüne (XC) etkileri incelenmiştir. DK+CZA (ağırlıkça 3/1) katalizör bileşimi 30 bar basınçta en yüksek % 69,5 olarak DME seçiciliğinde ürünler 250 °C' de gerçekleşmiş olup, aynı sıcaklıkta zaman geçtikçe azalmıştır. Sıcaklık 275 ve 300 °C'ye çıktığında da başlangıçta DME seçiciliği tekrar artarken, aynı sıcaklıkta zaman ilerledikçe tekrar DME seçicilik oranında düşüş görünmüştür. DK+CZA (1/2) katalizör bileşimi 3 farklı sıcaklık ve sürelerde %10'un biraz üzerinde % DME seçiciliği sonuçlarını vermiştir. 40 bar basınçta ise DK+CZA (3/1) ve DK+CZA (1/2) oranındaki katalizör bileşimlerinin 250 °C 'de DME seçicikleri % 80'in üzerindedir. Çalışmalar sonucunda, katalizörlerin DME seçicilikleri karşılaştırıldığında DK+CZA (3/1) katalizör bileşiminin DME seçiciliğinin DK+CZA (1/2) katalizör bileşiminden daha fazla olduğu görülmüştür.