Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) occurs in infants when the head is subjected to excessive acceleration and deceleration. Guthkelch first identified SBS when he noticed that infants with subdural hematoma did not always have gross markings, indicating the possibility of a baby shaking. The rotational force pushes the brain against the skull, causing various types of head and neck injuries. Ophthalmologic testing for retinal haemorrhages and ocular fundus, which can rule out SBS, is one of the tests for SBS. Immunohistochemical staining for -amyloid precursor protein (-APP) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) accurately identify brain injuries and bleeding, resulting in a more accurate diagnosis of SBS. SBS symptoms are shared by other etiologies, making it difficult to determine the true cause of infantile injury. Experiments using biomechanical models to recreate the whiplash movement have not revealed subdural haemorrhaging, but limitations in the models have doubt to these results.

Rickets is a common bone disease worldwide that is associated with disturbances in calcium and phosphate homeostasis and can lead to short stature and joint deformities. The study aimed to summarize the updated evidence as regards: Epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management. Rickets can be diagnosed based on history and physical examination, radiological features, and biochemical tests. The acquired rickets (nutritional) is the most common cause of rickets among children in Saudi Arabia which is due to vitamin D deficiency. Risk factors include, exclusively breast fed, immigrant adults in industrialized countries, decreased exposure to sunlight, use of sunscreen, old age of the housebound, morbid obesity and certain medications. Treatment strategies of rickets depend on the underlying etiology. There are several regimens utilized to treat rickets, all of them comprise some form of vitamin D administration and presence of adequate calcium and phosphate levels.

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