Bone cement has found extensive usage in joint arthroplasty over the last 50 years; still, the development of bone cement with essential properties such as high fatigue resistance, lower exothermic temperature, and bioactivity has been an unsolved problem. In our present work, we have addressed all of the mentioned shortcomings of bone cement by reinforcing it with graphene (GR), graphene oxide (GO), and surface-modified amino graphene (AG) fillers. These nanocomposites have shown hypsochromic shifts, suggesting strong interactions between the filler material and the polymer matrix. AG-based nanohybrids have shown greater osteointegration and lower cytotoxicity compared to other nanohybrids as well as pristine bone cement. They have also reduced oxidative stress on cells, resulting in calcification within 20 days of the implantation of nanohybrids into the rabbits. They have significantly reduced the exothermic curing temperature to body temperature and increased the setting time to facilitate practitioners, suggesting that reaction temperature and settling time can be dynamically controlled by varying the concentration of the filler. Thermal stability and enhanced mechanical properties have been achieved in nanohybrids vis-à-vis pure bone cement. Thus, this newly developed nanocomposite can create natural bonding with bone tissues for improved bioactivity, longer sustainability, and better strength in the prosthesis.

Implants are frequently administered devices to provide mechanical support to restore the function of diseased tissues and supports the natural healing process. The new concept of coated implants come to exist after 1980s to overcome the limitations related to prosthetic failures. The hurdles such as corrosion, infection and lack of bone integration of implant are the primary culprits for the failures. The present review provides a deep insight about the carbon nanomaterials (CBNs) as potential candidates for implant coatings. Additionally, the document highlights the limitations of pristine materials and discusses the different modalities to resolve the issues. The unique structural, thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of CBNs have been presented in detail to understand the significant utilization of CBNs in biomedical sciences and technology. The review may provide an opportunity for researches to develop novel materials for futuristic applications.