BackgroundNumerous studies report an association between coffee or caffeine consumption and pregnancy loss; however, the nature and strength of this relationship have not been clearly established. Based on recent studies, our meta-analysis aimed to test whether a dose–response relationship between coffee or caffeine consumption and pregnancy loss exists.MethodsWe searched for articles in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus published until May 2022. Two independent reviewers extracted data and rated the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We applied a random-effects, one-stage dose–response meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 34 articles (18 cohort studies and 16 case-control studies) were included in this review. Results showed a significantly higher risk of pregnancy loss for coffee consumption before (Pooled ES: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.01–1.43) and during pregnancy (Pooled ES: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.04–1.57), and for coffee consumption during pregnancy in case-control studies (Pooled ES: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.19–6.41). Findings from this meta-analysis demonstrated that caffeine intake during pregnancy was associated with a significantly higher risk of pregnancy loss in cohort (Pooled ES: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.23–2.01) and case-control studies (Pooled ES: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.69–3.37, P < 0.001), respectively. A dose–response analysis suggested that an increase of a cup of coffee per day during pregnancy was associated with 3% increased risk of pregnancy loss; 100 mg of caffeine per day during pregnancy was also associated with 14 and 26% increased risk of pregnancy loss in cohort and case-control studies, respectively. A non-linear dose–response association was observed between coffee intake and the risk of pregnancy loss.ConclusionThis study confirms that coffee or caffeine consumption raises the risk of pregnancy loss. Researchers are encouraged to conduct more studies to explore the underlying mechanisms and active compounds in coffee and caffeine.Systematic Review Registration[www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42021267731].
Introducción: Una de las etapas más importantes de la vida de las mujeres que hacen varios cambios fisiológicos y mentales en las mujeres es el período de embarazo. Con base en la importancia de la nutrición en el período de embarazo, tener una dieta saludable y adecuada puede garantizar un período de embarazo y parto seguro; Por lo tanto, este estudio se realizó para determinar el patrón nutricional de las mujeres embarazadas que se refieren a los centros de salud. Métodos: las participantes en este estudio fueron 235 mujeres embarazadas que remitieron a centros de salud urbanos y, según la edad del embarazo, estaban pasando el segundo trimestre del embarazo. La información requerida en este estudio descriptivo transversal se recolectó mediante el cuestionario de dos secciones que contiene el Cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria (FFQ) con 48 ítems y un cuestionario de características demográficas. El análisis del Cuestionario de Frecuencia Alimentaria se realizó mediante el software NUT4 y el análisis de datos se realizó mediante el software SPSS y pruebas estadísticas descriptivas tales como (afluencia, desviación promedio y estándar). Para comparar el número permitido de unidades de grupos de alimentos de mujeres embarazadas en el segundo trimestre del embarazo con el promedio del número de unidades de grupos de alimentos por población en estudio, se utilizó la prueba estadística T. Resultados y discusión: Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que el 94.5% de las mujeres embarazadas estaban usando el grupo de alimentos de pan y cereales más del rango permitido. La cantidad de usar el grupo de alimentos de carne y proteína, el grupo de frutas y el grupo de grasas estaba en el rango permitido. La cantidad de uso del grupo de verduras y el grupo de leche y lácteos fue inferior al rango permitido. Acerca de la cantidad de consumo de energía de los alimentos, los resultados de este estudio mostraron que el 66.4% de los participantes en este estudio obtuvieron más energía que el rango permitido. Conclusiones: Las mujeres embarazadas que participan en este estudio basadas en la ingesta de macronutrientes e ingesta de energía no se apropiaron de esta situación, por lo que es necesario brindar suficiente información sobre los grupos de alimentos y la cantidad necesaria de ellas en el período de embarazo a todas las embarazadas. mujeres que remiten a centros de salud.
Background Many therapeutic methods are recommended for the management of Type 2 diabetes. Ash-Kardeh contains several components such as flavonoids, antioxidants, and dietary fiber which can affect lipid profile and blood pressure in diabetic patients. However, no study has examined the effects of Ash-Kardeh consumption on blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients; therefore, the aim of this study will be to examine the effects of Ash-Kardeh consumption on blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods This study is a randomized, no-blinded, controlled clinical trial in which 44 type 2 diabetic patients will be randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. Individuals in both the intervention and control groups will receive (the usual treatment of diabetic patients) for 6 weeks, while those in the intervention group will receive (250 g of traditional fermented food daily in addition to the usual treatment) at the same time. Assessment of anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters including serum concentrations of fasting blood sugar, high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride will be performed at the study baseline and end of the trial. Keywords Type 2 diabetes . Hypertension . Dyslipidemias . Fermented food Abbreviations A-K Ash-Kardeh BMI Body mass index FBS Fasting Blood Sugar HDL-C High-density lipoproteins-cholesterol LDL-C Low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol T2D Type 2 Diabetes TC Total cholesterol TG Triglyceride Trial registration This clinical study was registered on the https://fa.irct. ir website (shortened name ETFFT2D; registration number IRCT20170202032367N3).
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