In constant light, whole apples (cv. Red Spy) that received alternating 6/25°C treatment accumulated more phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and anthocyanin than those receiving constant 25° throughout the course of experiment. The stimulatory effect of low temperature (6°) on the activity of PAL and synthesis of anthocyanin was also observed in the alternating light and dark experiment when low temperature was applied in the dark period. In constant light, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inactivating system (PAL-IS) was lower in the apples that had received alternating 6/25° treatment than that in apples that had received constant 25°. When the apples were incubated in constant darkness, no accumulation of PAL and anthocyanin occurred but the level of PAL-IS increased steadily throughout the course of incubation. Nitrogen and potassium deficiency increased PAL accumulation and decreased accumulation of PAL-IS in the leaves of greenhouse-grown apple trees. PAL activity was found to be negatively correlated with activity of PAL-IS. It is therefore concluded that low temperature reduces the level of PAL-IS and increases the accumulation of PAL which in turn increase anthocyanin accumulation in the skin of whole apples, and that nitrogen and potassium deficiencies reduce the level of PAL-IS and hence increase the accumulation of PAL in apple leaves.

A 3 4 7 -A 7 6 6 EQ-5D record. Mean utility score for patients in progression-free and progressive disease state is 0.76 (95% CI 0.75, 0.77) and 0.69 (95% CI 0.66, 0.71), respectively. Mean utility showed a decrease on disease progression of 0.07, which is considered as clinically meaningful. Patients were split into five groups based on their time to death after the EQ-5D questionnaire was taken -over 360 days, 180-360 days, 90-180 days, 30-90 days, and under 30 days, and mean utility in each timeto-death category is 0.81(95% CI 0.79, 0.83),0.73 (95% CI 0.71, 0.75),0.69(95% CI 0.66, 0.72),0.60 (95% CI 0.56, 0.64) and 0.40 (95% CI 0.31, 0.48).the results showed a large decrease in utility in the 30 days prior to death. ConClusions: The results showed that quality of life for pre-treated advanced NSCLC patients rapidly deteriorates during the end of life period. Considerable deterioration of utility in NSCLC patients is associated with disease progression and time to death. The utility values estimated from the study will inform economic evaluations of treatments in pre-treated advanced NSCLC. PCN200

the model is useful in planning for SDN reliability in the presence of DDoS attacks while managing the overall cost.

Introduction Laryngomalacia has been associated with gastroesophageal reflux (GOR), which may cause adenotonsillar hypertrophy leading to early onset obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). We aim to assess this proposed relationship, with adenoidectomy <4 years as our primary endpoint. Method 78 children seen in the airway clinic at the Glasgow Royal Hospital for Sick Children during September 2009 to August 2010 with a diagnosis of infantile laryngomalacia and for whom four years of follow up data was available were included, and their medical notes analysed. Results We found a significantly increased incidence of OSA in our cohort of 11.5%, compared to a reported population incidence of 0.7–1.8% (p = < 0.0001). The rate of adenoidectomy <4 years in this sample was 12.8%. We found that children who undergo adenoidectomy are more than 4x likely to also undergo a supraglottoplasty procedure than those who do not, 70% vs. 16.2% (p = 0.0008). Significant increase in the presence of neurodisability in the group of children who underwent an adenoidectomy was also seen, 40% vs. 2.9% (p = < 0.002). Conclusion Outcomes following adenoidectomy +/- tonsillectomy are suggestive of adenotonsillar hypertrophy being the leading cause of OSA. Our results also support an emerging link between GORD and OSA, as although there are a number of causes of adenotonsillar hypertrophy there was little evidence to suggest that any of these patients could have developed hypertrophy due to alternative mechanisms. Children with more severe laryngomalacia appear to be at higher risk of developing sleep disordered breathing symptoms, and subsequently requiring adenoidectomy.

The t r i a l was designed to study the effectiveness of folded, high density polyethylene bags and sealed, high density polyethylene bags for maintaining the freshness of broccoli in waxed cartons and extending shelf life for exports. Four broccoli cultivars (cvv. Green Belt, Marathon, Skiff, and Shogun) were stored at 1�C for 3 weeks in folded, high density polyethylene bags. After storage, they were still green, compact, and marketable. After exposure to 26�C for another 2 days, most of the heads turned yellow and were unmarketable. Colour score and market quality were poorer in cv. Skiff than in the other 3 cultivars. Storage of broccoli in sealed, high density polyethylene bags retarded the yellowing after exposure to 26�C for 2 days and, hence, improved the market quality.