Our results suggest that lifelong breast feeding for ≥12 months may be associated with lower risk for MetS.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between insulin resistance and the bone mineral density (BMD) of femur and lumbar spine in Korean adults who are expected to exhibit near peak bone mass.MethodsData from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2010 were analyzed. A total of 2,750 participants aged 25−35 years were included. Insulin resistance was assessed using a homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and serum fasting insulin.ResultsIn a multivariate linear regression analysis, the HOMA-IR was significantly inversely associated with the BMD of the total hip (TH, β = −0.052, P = 0.002), femoral neck (FN, β = −0.072, P<0.001), femoral trochanter (FTr, β = −0.055, P = 0.003), femoral intertrochanter (FITr, β = −0.041, P = 0.015), and lumbar spine (LS, β = −0.063, P = 0.001) among all study subjects after adjustment for gender, age, height, weight, whole body fat mass percentage, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, vitamin D, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, education level, and household income in both genders as well as labor, the use of oral contraceptives, and age at menarche in females. The serum fasting insulin was significantly inversely associated with the BMD of the TH (β = −0.055, P = 0.001), FN (β = −0.072, P<0.001), FTr (β = −0.055, P = 0.003), FITr (β = −0.045, P = 0.009), and LS (β = −0.064, P = 0.001) among all subjects in a multivariate linear regression analysis.ConclusionOur results suggest that insulin resistance may be independently and inversely associated with the near peak bone mass of the femur and lumbar spine.

Background: The aim of this study was to identify the association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) according to age and gender in apparently healthy Korean children and adolescents.Methods: A total of 6,255 subjects aged 10-19 years from the 2008-2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Serum non-HDL-C, LDL-C, and their association were evaluated according to age and gender. Results:The means of the 75th percentile and 95th percentile concentrations for non-HDL-C were 117.0 mg/dL and 148.0 mg/dL in males, respectively, and 121.0 mg/dL and 151.0 mg/dL in females, respectively. The means of the 75th percentile and 95th percentile concentrations for LDL-C were 99.2 mg/dL and 125.0 mg/dL in males, respectively, and 102.8 mg/dL and 128.9 mg/dL in females, respectively. The mean age-and gender-specific difference between non-HDL-C and LDL-C was approximately 15-20 mg/dL in all age groups. The mean difference between non-HDL-C and LDL-C was 16.8 mg/dL in males and 17.0 mg/dL in females (P=0.370). In the subgroup analyses, the mean difference between non-HDL-C and LDL-C was higher in boys and girls with TG levels ≥ 150 mg/dL than in those with TG levels <150 mg/dL (39.93 mg/dL vs 14.50 mg/dL, P < 0.001 in males and 39.28 mg / dL vs 15.13 mg/dL, P<0.001 in females). Conclusions:In apparently healthy Korean children and adolescents, the mean difference between non-HDL-C and LDL-C was approximately 20 mg/dL among both genders.