hNECs undergo EMT during hypoxia and this process is critically mediated by HIF-1α and pSmad3. This study shows that hypoxia-induced EMT is likely to contribute to nasal polyposis in CRS, and suggests that HIF-1α be viewed as a therapeutic target for nasal polyposis.

It is likely that BPPV after TBI is more difficult to treat than idiopathic BPPV, but no tendency to recur was observed in patients who developed BPPV after TBI compared with idiopathic BPPV. Further prospective clinical meta-analytic studies are needed to investigate the outcome of BPPV after TBI.

Using mechanical injury, the wound healing model of the nasal mucosa was established in a rat. The regeneration of respiratory mucosa was completed on day 28 after injury.

Olfactory impairment is not common after use of the NSF. Use of the cold knife in making superior incision may reduce tissue damage with better olfactory outcomes.