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A central challenge to understanding how climate anomalies, such as drought and heatwaves, impact the terrestrial carbon cycle, is quantification and scaling of spatial and temporal variation in ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP). Existing empirical and model-based satellite broadband spectra-based products have been shown to miss critical variation in GPP. Here, we evaluate the potential of high spectral resolution (10 nm) shortwave (400-2,500 nm) imagery to better detect spatial and temporal variations in GPP across a range of ecosystems, including forests, grassland-savannas, wetlands, and shrublands in a water-stressed region. Estimates of GPP from eddy covariance observations were compared against airborne hyperspectral imagery, collected across California during the 2013-2014 HyspIRI airborne preparatory campaign. Observations from 19 flux towers across 23 flight campaigns (102 total image-flux tower pairs) showed GPP to be strongly correlated to a suite of spectral wavelengths and band ratios associated with foliar physiology and chemistry. A partial least squares regression (PLSR) modeling approach was then used to predict GPP with higher validation accuracy (adjusted R = 0.71) and low bias (0.04) compared to existing broadband approaches (e.g., adjusted R = 0.68 and bias = -5.71 with the Sims et al. model). Significant wavelengths contributing to the PLSR include those previously shown to coincide with Rubisco (wavelengths 1,680, 1,740, and 2,290 nm) and V (wavelengths 1,680, 1,722, 1,732, 1,760, and 2,300 nm). These results provide strong evidence that advances in satellite spectral resolution offer significant promise for improved satellite-based monitoring of GPP variability across a diverse range of terrestrial ecosystems.

Thoracic surgery is a rapidly evolving field, as is the perioperative and anesthetic care of patients undergoing major thoracic surgery. As surgical techniques continue to evolve, new guidelines are needed to help standardize patient care. To this end, Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols were created and have seen increasingly widespread adoption within the field of thoracic surgery. Despite their name, the scope of these protocols includes not only the postoperative period, but also helps guide care in the preoperative and intraoperative periods. Thus, ERAS pathways are relevant to both thoracic surgeons and anesthesiologists. This chapter aims to summarize current guidelines for managing patients undergoing thoracic surgery (from the preoperative period all the way through to postoperative care) by discussing recent updates within the field as well as some more well established tenets that remain relevant to the topic.

Improving coupled Earth system models of current and future climate requires robust observations that accurately provide parameters and observations for evaluation across spatial scales relevant for the model. Photosynthetic parameters Vcmax and Jmax help to characterize the ability of vegetation to assimilate carbon, a required parameter in most land surface modules of climate models. Remote sensing, flux tower data, and field measurements were collected to develop a methodology to estimate the variability in these parameters across diverse landscapes in Southern California and the Sierras, regions experiencing prolonged drought which is expected to become more common in the future. Vcmax maps were generated with NASA hyperspectral airborne AVIRIS imagery by scaling up leaf level measurements to the canopy and evaluated using flux tower data for nine sites across California. These maps illustrate the expected temporal and spatial changes in the parameter. However, Vcmax estimated from inverse modeling of flux tower data did not fall in the range found in field measurements. The methods developed in this study expand the applicability of imaging spectroscopy in estimating ecosystem metabolism.