A pH probe based on a carbon-epoxy electrode design is discussed. The electrode consists of three redox active components within a carbon epoxy matrix. These are the pH sensitive species anthraquinone and phenanthrenequinone, along with the pH insensitive ferrocene reference compound. The values of the peak potentials when combined are shown to shift by 120 mV/pH unit at 25 °C with respect to the ferrocene reference potential

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Mediterranean tortoises have suffered significant health problems in captivity in the UK for many decades, largely through widespread misinformation and ignorance about their husbandry and nutritional needs. Certainly, the widely accepted practice of keeping them outdoors year-round in what is a totally unsuitable climate contributes massively. The pre- and post-hibernation periods are times of high morbidity and mortality in tortoises. It is important for veterinary professionals not only to recognise how to prevent such problems by advising on appropriate care, but also to treat such issues successfully in the clinic environment. The following article discusses the major failures in captive care that contribute to peri-hibernation problems in tortoises, as well as outlining their diagnosis and treatment.