The frequent, though generally unrecognized, occurrence of damage to telencephalic white matter during the perinatal period prompted the present characterization of the pathological changes as well as a consideration of associated clinical and necropsy findings. Symmetrical astrocytosis or acutely damaged glial cells found predominantly in regions undergoing myelination suggest that the latter is associated with enhanced vulnerability. Although a single aetiological factor could not be identified in the clinical and necropsy data of the infants in this study, it may well be that the changes in developing white matter are non-specific morphological responses to a variety of noxious stimuli. The available data indicate an increasing deficit in brain weight with increasing survival age and the speculation is tendered that infants may survive the neonatal period with varying degrees of permanent symmetrical deficit of telencephalic white matter. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe material consisted of 271 brains, ranging in age from six gestational months to the end of the third postnatal month, collected consecutively over a three year period, 1965 to 1967 inclusively. Sixty-six brains were set aside because of the presence of the following conditions: malformation or genetic abnormality, intracranial tumour, subdural haematoma, meningitis, hypoglycaemia embolic encephalopathy, phenylketonuria, rubella, hyperbilirubinaemia, and massive matrix haemorrhage with rupture into the telencephalon. Nine brains could not be utilized for technical reasons. The remaining 196 brains were obtained from patients dying from a variety of non-neurological diseases and constitute the basis of this report. Brains were fixed in one of three fixatives: 4% formaldehyde in physiological saline, phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde, or 4% formaldehyde to which 2% calcium acetate and 2-5% sucrose had been added. The morphological abnormalities in these brains were not fixative dependent as adjacent blocks from both normal and abnormal brains fixed in each solution were comparable. All brains were cut in a standard fashion related to certain landmarks at the base of the brain. Representative blocks were processed and embedded in paraffin. Previous experience indicated that celloidin embedded material was not satisfactory for identifying glial abnormalities in unmyelinated or myelinating white matter. Sections were cut at 10 , and were stained with one or several standard stains or methods, including haematoxylin and eosin, phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin, Bodian for axons, Luxol Fast Blue, Solochrome Cyanin R, cresyl violet, Von Kossa, Gomori for iron, Millon's for protein, periodic acid Schiff, Gomori trichrome, and Holzer.The following morphological criteria of damage in myelinating white matter were utilized:HYPERTROPHIC ASTROCYTES Cells with pale vesicular nuclei and eosinophilic irregular hyaline cytoplasm (Figs. la and b) are not found in normal human myelinating telencephalic white matter (Mickel and Gilles, 1968). With appropriate stains they ...

Objective To assess changes in daily call volumes to the US National Suicide Prevention Lifeline and in suicides during periods of wide scale public attention to the song “1-800-273-8255” by American hip hop artist Logic. Design Time series analysis. Setting United States, 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2018. Participants Total US population. Lifeline calls and suicide data were obtained from Lifeline and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Main outcome measures Daily Lifeline calls and suicide data before and after the release of the song. Twitter posts were used to estimate the amount and duration of attention the song received. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average time series models were fitted to the pre-release period to estimate Lifeline calls and suicides. Models were fitted to the full time series with dummy variables for periods of strong attention to the song. Results In the 34 day period after the three events with the strongest public attention (the song’s release, the MTV Video Music Awards 2017, and Grammy Awards 2018), Lifeline received an excess of 9915 calls (95% confidence interval 6594 to 13 236), an increase of 6.9% (95% confidence interval 4.6% to 9.2%, P<0.001) over the expected number. A corresponding model for suicides indicated a reduction over the same period of 245 suicides (95% confidence interval 36 to 453) or 5.5% (95% confidence interval 0.8% to 10.1%, P=0.02) below the expected number of suicides. Conclusions Logic’s song “1-800-273-8255” was associated with a large increase in calls to Lifeline. A reduction in suicides was observed in the periods with the most social media discourse about the song.

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IMPORTANCE Suicide is a leading cause of death in the US. However, official national statistics on suicide rates are delayed by 1 to 2 years, hampering evidence-based public health planning and decision-making. OBJECTIVE To estimate weekly suicide fatalities in the US in near real time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis cross-sectional national study used a machine learning pipeline to combine signals from several streams of real-time information to estimate weekly suicide fatalities in the US in near real time. This 2-phase approach first fits optimal machine learning models to each individual data stream and subsequently combines predictions made from each data stream via an artificial neural network. National-level US administrative data on suicide deaths, health

Objective: Specific content characteristics of suicide media reporting might differentially impact suicides in the population, but studies have not considered the overarching theme of the respective media stories and other relevant outcomes besides suicide, such as help-seeking behaviours. Methods: We obtained 5652 media reports related to suicide from 6 print, 44 broadcast and 251 online sources in Oregon and Washington states, published between April 2019 and March 2020. We conducted a content analysis of stories regarding their overarching focus and specific content characteristics based on media recommendations for suicide reporting. We applied logistic regression analyses to assess how focus and content characteristics were associated with subsequent calls to the US National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (Lifeline) and suicides in these two states in the week after publication compared to a control time period. Results: Compared to a focus on suicide death, a focus on suicidal ideation, suicide prevention, healing stories, community suicide crises/suicide clusters and homicide suicide was associated with more calls. As compared to a focus on suicide death, stories on suicide prevention and stories on community suicide crises/suicide clusters were also associated with no increase in suicides. Regarding specific content characteristics, there were associations that were largely consistent with previous work in the area, for example, an association of celebrity suicide reporting with increases in suicide. Conclusion: The overall focus of a media story may influence help-seeking and suicides, and several story characteristics appear to be related to both outcomes. More research is needed to investigate possible causal effects and pathways.