Cardiac catheterization is a commonly used form of imaging and treatment in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Traditionally, two-dimensional conventional angiography was the method used, but since 2000 three-dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) is increasingly used in the field of cardiology in both adult and pediatric patients. To investigate the use and applications of 3DRA in pediatric congenital cardiology, literature was systematically reviewed and 29 eligible articles were found. Those showed that 3DRA is already a greatly valued diagnostic and therapeutic technique in pediatric cardiology. However, the literature misses well-designed clinical, homogeneous, multicenter, prospective studies recording data in a standardized manner. These studies are necessary to ensure proper data analysis and to investigate the true advantages of 3DRA and how it exactly benefits the patients.

Background Dietary supplementation with branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) is often used in cirrhotic patients to improve nutritional status. We wanted to explore the evidence for BCAA supplementation in chronic liver disease. Methods We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies with BCAA supplementation with the presence of a disease‐control group (placebo or no intervention) using search terms ‘liver cirrhosis’, ‘hepatocellular carcinoma’, ‘branched chain amino acids’ and relevant synonyms. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS‐I and RoB 2.0 tools. Meta‐analyses were performed with a random‐effects model. Results were reported following EQUATOR guidelines. Results Of 3378 studies screened by title and abstract, 54 were included (34 randomized controlled trials, 5 prospective case–control studies, 13 retrospective case–control studies: in total 2308 patients BCAA supplementation, 2876 disease‐controls). Risk of bias was high/serious for almost all studies. According to meta‐analyses, long‐term (at least 6 months) BCAA supplementation in cirrhotic patients significantly improved event‐free survival (p = .008; RR .61 95% CI .42–.88) and tended to improve overall survival (p = .05; RR .58 95% CI .34–1.00). Two retrospective studies suggested the beneficial effects during sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma. Available studies reported no beneficial effects or contradictory results of BCAA after other specific therapeutic interventions (resection or radiological interventions for hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, paracentesis or variceal ligation). No convincing beneficial effects of BCAA supplementation on liver function, nutritional status or quality of life were found. No study reported serious side effects of BCAA. Conclusions Prophylactic BCAA supplementation appears safe and might improve survival in cirrhotic patients.