A multivariate assessment approach should be used to establish an early high-certainty prognosis after cardiac arrest. However, further prospective clinical studies are necessary to confirm this derived predictor index. In addition, an early recording of S-100B, long-latency sensory-evoked potential, and neuropsychological bedside screening reflect a cognitive long-term outcome.
This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link FLANKER PERFORMANCE IN FEMALE STUDENTS WITH ADHD 2 AbstractAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by poor adaptation to environmental demands that leads to various everyday life problems. The present study had four aims: (1) To compare performance in a flanker task in female college students with and without ADHD (N = 39) in a classical analyses of reaction time and error rate and studying the underlying processes using a diffusion model, (2) to compare the amount of focused attention, (3) to explore the adaptation of focused attention, and (4) to relate adaptation to psychological functioning. The study followed a 2-between (Group: ADHD vs. control) × 2-within (Flanker Conflict: incongruent vs. congruent) × 2-within (Conflict Frequency: 20% vs.80%) design. Compared to a control group the ADHD group displayed prolonged response times accompanied by fewer errors in a flanker task. Results from diffusion model analyses revealed that members of the ADHD group showed deficits in nondecisional processes (i.e., higher nondecision time) and leaned more towards accuracy than participants without ADHD (i.e., setting higher boundaries). The ADHD group showed a more focused attention and less adaptation to the task conditions which is related to psychological functioning. Deficient nondecisional processes and poor adaptation are in line with theories of ADHD and presumably typical for the ADHD population, although this has not been shown using a diffusion model. However, we assume that the cautious strategy of trading speed of for accuracy is specific to the subgroup of female college students with ADHD and might be interpreted as a compensation mechanism.Keywords: ADHD, neuropsychological function, flanker task, college students, females, diffusion model (Bush et al. 1999). Taken together, these findings suggest impaired conflict adaptions in adults with ADHD due to a lack of activation in the ACC. Wendt, Luna-Rodriguez, and Jacobsen, 2012). This effect has mostly been studied to examine underlying processes in human conflict processing in general. However, the difference between congruency effects in blocks of high and low conflict is also an intraindividual measure of adaptation of focused attention to conflict and can be compared between different groups of participants. A high conflict adaptation effect (i.e., large difference between the congruency effects in blocks of high and low conflict occurrence)would imply that the participant showed adaptive behavior. Exploring Underlying ProcessesPerformances in two-choice selective attention or conflict tasks is commonly described in terms of two dependent variables: accuracy (i.e., ER) and speed (i.e., RT). In The model separates decisional from non-decisional processes. The first parameter t0, the nondecision time, is a measure of all processes other than decision processes that contribute to a given r...
The Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX, , Behavioral assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome, 1996) is a standardized instrument to measure possible behavioral changes as a result of the dysexecutive syndrome. Although initially intended only as a qualitative instrument, the DEX has also been used increasingly to address quantitative problems. Until now there have not been more fundamental statistical analyses of the questionnaire's testing quality. The present study is based on an unselected sample of 191 patients with acquired brain injury and reports on the data relating to the quality of the items, the reliability and the factorial structure of the DEX. Item 3 displayed too great an item difficulty, whereas item 11 was not sufficiently discriminating. The DEX's reliability in self-rating is r = 0.85. In addition to presenting the statistical values of the tests, a clinical severity classification of the overall scores of the 4 found factors and of the questionnaire as a whole is carried out on the basis of quartile standards.
This prospective study evaluated the prognostic value of early neurobiochemical markers, neuron-specific enolase and astroglial protein S-100B, for long-term cognitive outcome after cardiac arrest. Six months after admission of a cohort of 80 consecutive patients, 26 survivors were able to undergo a neuropsychological test battery. Survivors showed low test performances in attention, learning/memory, and executive functioning. Neuropsychological bedside screening during the first month significantly differentiated between patients with and without long-term cognitive impairment. The neurobiochemical marker S-100B at day 3 after admission was found to predict significant proportions of variance in specific cognitive domains (learning/memory and executive functioning). The results indicate that early neuropsychological assessment might help identify patients who run at risk of long-term neuropsychological dysfunction. This study also suggests that especially the protein S-100B provides valuable information on long-term cognitive outcomes. To understand the exact relationship, results have to be replicated in larger trials.
Adults with ADHD have problems in everyday multitasking situations presumably because of deficits in executive functions. The present study aims to find out (a) whether adults with ADHD show deficient multitasking performance in a standardized task, (b) how they perceive the multitasking situation, and (c) which task structure might be beneficial for them as compared with adults without ADHD. Therefore, we experimentally compared task performance, mood, and motivation in a group of 45 men with ADHD (M-age = 34.47, SD = 9.95) with a comparison group of 42 men without ADHD (M-age = 31.12, SD = 10.59) in three conditions: (a) a multitasking paradigm, (b) an interleaving condition in which tasks had to be performed without planning or monitoring, and (c) a non-interleaving condition. Our results showed no impaired multitasking performance in adults with ADHD. However, they showed better mood and more motivation in the non-interleaving condition.
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