This paper explores different high-fidelity, systemlevel models for permanent magnet synchronous machines. The main attributes examined are electromagnetic torque and forces representing the main contribution sources for noise and vibration in electrical powertrains. First, two types of electromagnetic models extracted from finite element analysis are presented: the current and flux-linkage state variable models. Afterwards, two force transformation models used for system-level vibroacoustic computation are explored and a spectral convergence test is proposed. Procedures regarding model implementation, such as look-up table derivation/inversion are discussed and design trade-offs are analyzed. Finally, the different model results are benchmarked against a finite element model and the real-time performance is presented.

In this paper a model-based design and testing method focusing on the electric vehicle driveability aspect is proposed. The design approach is divided into two steps. The first step is the Model-in-the-Loop co-simulation coupling a vectorcontrolled electric drive modelled in MATLAB/Simulink to a planar forward-facing electric vehicle LMS Imagine.Lab Amesim model. The second step represents a mechanical-level Hardwarein-the-Loop test for a physical electric drive that integrates the electric vehicle model in the real-time testing case. Two different sampling times of the vehicle control unit are considered and their influence on the vehicle responsiveness and on the longitudinal jerk acting on the driver is analysed through both offline simulation and real-time testing.

This paper provides e-machine designers a critical study on the vibration synthesis algorithm that calculates the vibrations of an electric machine responsible for magnetic noise. It separates the computations into two distinct categories: offline and online. Comprehensive parameters are input to an offline simulation system where generic magnetic forces and vibration transfer functions are created. This generic data combined with operational loads from system-level simulations refers to the online simulation environment. The methodology is applied to an interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM), and compared to the standard procedure where run-up simulation can become time-expensive due to the extensive use of Finite Elements (FE) methods. Vibration results show discrepancies of harmonic amplitude content essentially coming from the force truncation made in the vibration synthesis, for which a selection protocol is proposed. Yet the offline simulations permit to frontload the computational efforts thus implying the use of the technique in system-simulation environments.

The performance of a fractional-slot concentrated-winding PMSM with two different winding diagrams, namely, single and dual star, is investigated. Firstly, the air-gap flux density for these two cases in terms of rotating fields is studied, which provides insight into the essential difference between these two windings. Then, a computationally efficient model taking into account saturation and spatial effects using FE-obtained look-up tables is developed. Using the model, the control and the offline design of the controllers are carried out based on the two-axis reference frame model for both machines and the vector space decomposition for dual-star one. The comparison is made in terms of terminal current harmonics, torque ripple, power density, and closed-loop control dynamic performance. It is shown that the dual-star machine has higher power density and less torque ripple, but higher 5th and 7th current harmonics. Moreover, the effect of one imperfection which may come with the dual-star winding diagram, namely imperfect electrical phase shift between the respective currents or voltages of two stars, on the performance of the machine is studied. It is concluded that the imperfection can deteriorate the closed-loop dynamic performance.