A biomimetic three-step transformation of classical "6-6-6-5"-steroids into their C-nor-D-homo-counterparts gives an easy and fast access to this highly important substructure of natural products, as it is found in cyclopamine, and nakiterpiosin. A novel reagent combination allows for the rearrangement even of 17-keto steroids with high endoselectivity. In several examples the broadness of this strategy is outlined.

All four diastereomers of the trisubstituted piperidine-alkaloids of the veratramine and jervine type were synthesized with complete stereocontrol starting from enantiopure citronellic acids. The flexible, high-yielding, and scalable route described here will facilitate convergent syntheses and give access to analogues of cyclopamine and other biologically active and diverse steroid alkaloids.

SummaryThe chemical synthesis of carbacyclopamine analog 2, a cyclopamine analog with an all-carbon E-ring, is reported. The use of C–H-functionalization logic and further metal-catalyzed transformations allows for a concise entry to this new class of acid-stable cyclopamine analogs.

The prostate adenocarcinoma is the cancer with the highest incidence for men in Western countries. Targeting the androgen receptor (AR) by antagonists is used as hormone therapy for prostate cancer (PCa), however, eventually therapy resistance occurs in most patients. In most of these cancer the AR signaling is active and thus AR remains an important drug target. Since many years we are characterizing novel chemical structural platforms to provide a broader possibility for compounds that bind to and act as AR antagonists. Here, we describe the chemical synthesis of a battery of novel steroidal derivatives as nor-homo-, spiro-oxolan- and spiro-oxetan- steroids. They modulate the transcriptional activity of the human AR. As AR antagonists, the spiro-oxetan- steroid derivatives seem to be the most potent steroid derivatives. They inhibit the transcriptional activity of both wild-type AR as well as the AR mutant T877A. In line with this, these compounds bind to the human AR and inhibit the proliferation of the human androgen-dependent growing PCa cell line LNCaP. Interestingly, the castration-resistant AR expressing human PC3-AR cells are also growth inhibited. On mechanistic level, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays with living cells indicate that the androgen-induced N/C terminal interaction of the AR is inhibited by the investigated compounds. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) assays in living cells suggest a higher mobility of the AR in the cell nuclei in the presence of spiro-oxetan- steroidal antagonists. Together, these findings suggest that spiro-oxetan- steroids are very useful as a chemical platform for novel AR antagonists.

DPHB (31% vs 16%, p¼0.21). Although time to restart of anticoagulation was shorter with platelets inhibitors (1 vs 4.5 days) this did not significantly affect the incidence of DPHB.CONCLUSION: DPHB is more likely to occur with patients on anticoagulation. Later restart time within the first week after surgery was not associated with a decrease in DPHB.