This work reviews the state-of-the-art of the main soot modeling approaches used in turbulent diffusion flames. Accordingly, after a short introduction about the subject addressed here, the main soot formation mechanisms are described next. This description provides the basis for the discussions about the different soot modeling techniques employed nowadays for soot predictions. Since combustion and radiation models have a significant impact on soot predictions, as a consequence of the strong coupling between chemistry, turbulence and soot formation, a general overview about these models is also provided. For the sake of clarity, the main soot formation models reviewed in this work are classified as semi-empirical soot precursor models and detailed ones. Both advantages and disadvantages of the referred soot modeling approaches are properly discussed. In the last part of this review, comparative results obtained using some of the main soot models currently available are presented along with a discussion about the prospects for soot modeling in turbulent flames. Finally, some conclusions and references are provided.Overall, based on the literature reviewed, it is concluded that there is yet a long path to be followed before understanding first and having then a soot model able to properly describe the formation of this critical pollutant for a variety of situations of industrial interest.

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The goal of this project is to create an autonomous system that will dispense pills of various sizes and shapes. The overall objective is to utilize the invention to assist in dispersing the appropriate amount of medication for prescribed patients at designated times. It is imperative to take the proper amount of medicine at the specific times prescribed. In today's fast-paced world, it is easy to forget to keep track of simple tasks, such as taking the necessary medications needed for individuals with certain conditions. As people grow older, the ability to recall every day's tasks begins to deteriorate. The autonomous pharmaceutical dispenser will utilize a mechanism that consists of an x, y, and z-axis movement to maneuver a suction unit to transport pills from a capsule to a delivery location. Bresenham's line algorithm will be used to control the motors of the 3D axes movement systems. The dispenser will be able to store a month's supply of tablets with the ability to dispense up to twelve different types of medicines. The system will come with a wireless gadget that will receive notifications from the distributor, alerting the patient to take their medication. In case the user forgets to take his or her medication, the portable device will receive a message. Moreover, an excel spreadsheet will record a detailed summary of the administered medicine. The objective is to create a cost-effective and reliable alternative product for patients to use for their medical needs.