Summary Plants continue to lose water from their leaves even after complete stomatal closure. Although this minimum conductance (gleaf‐res) has substantial impacts on strategies of water use and conservation, little is known about the potential drivers underlying the variability of this trait across species. We thus untangled the relative contribution of water leaks from the cuticle and stomata in order to investigate how the variability in leaf morphological and anatomical traits is related to the variation in gleaf‐res and carbon assimilation capacity across 30 diverse species from the Brazilian Cerrado. In addition to cuticle permeance, water leaks from stomata had a significant impact on gleaf‐res. The differential pattern of stomata distribution in the epidermis was a key factor driving this variation, suggesting the existence of a trade‐off between carbon assimilation and water loss through gleaf‐res. For instance, higher gleaf‐res, observed in fast‐growing species, was associated with the investment in small and numerous stomata, which allowed higher carbon assimilation rates but also increased water leaks, with negative impacts on leaf survival under drought. Variation in cuticle structural properties was not linked to gleaf‐res. Our results therefore suggest the existence of a trade‐off between carbon assimilation efficiency and dehydration tolerance at foliar level.
-The goal of this research was to examine phytotoxicity and leaf anatomy of pequi plants (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.) exposed to simulated drift of glyphosate. The experimental design was randomized blocks with nine replications. Each experimental unit was composed by one 18-L pot with one plant. The treatments consisted of different doses of glyphosate sprayed: 0 (control), 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 g ae ha -1 of glyphosate. Phytotoxicity visual ratings were carried out at 7, 14 and 21 days after spraying (DAS) by scores expressed in a percentage scale, within which zero and one hundred represent no symptom and plant death, respectively. Description of symptoms, changes in leaf anatomy and micromorphometric analysis were performed on leaves taken from plant top and middle third at 23 DAS. Poisoning symptoms were wilting, chlorosis followed by necrosis, winding of top leaves and leaf senescence, being intensified with increasing doses. Leaf anatomical changes were detected from the dose of 250 g ha- ALTERAÇÕES MORFO-ANATÔMICAS DE FOLHAS DE PEQUI (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.) SUBMETIDAS À DERIVA SIMULADA DE GLIFOSATORESUMO -O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a fitointoxicação e a anatomia foliar de plantas de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.) submetidas à deriva simulada do glifosato. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com nove repetições. A unidade experimental foi constituída por um vaso, com capacidade de 18 litros, contendo uma planta. Os tratamentos corresponderam à aplicação das doses de 0 (controle), 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 e 1500 g e.a. ha -1 de glifosato. Avaliações visuais de fitointoxicação foram realizadas aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação (DAA) dos tratamentos por meio de notas expressas em escala percentual, em que zero e cem representaram ausência de sintomas e morte das plantas, respectivamente. Descrição dos sintomas, alterações na anatomia foliar e micromorfometria foram realizadas em folhas do ápice e do terço médio aos 23 DAA. Os sintomas visuais de intoxicação foram murcha, clorose seguida de necrose, enrolamento das folhas dos ápices e senescência foliar, sendo intensificadas com o aumento das doses. As alterações anatômicas nas folhas foram detectadas a partir da dose de 250 g ha -1. Os danos causados foram células plasmolisadas, ruptura da epiderme, células alteradas, hiperplasia, células colapsadas, tecidos necrosados e acúmulo de compostos fenólicos.Palavras-chave: Contaminação ambiental; Fitointoxicação; Espécie arbórea.
RESUMOSementes de croada (Mouriri elliptica Mart.) Melastomataceae, espécie frutífera nativa do cerrado, foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos, visando a superação de dormência: pré-resfriamento a 5° C por 7 dias; pré-aquecimento em estufa com circulação de ar a 40º C por 7 dias; escarificação química em ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 5 e 15 minutos; imersão em água fervente por 5 e 15 minutos; imersão em ácido giberélico a 100 e 200 mg L -1 por 48 horas; imersão em água destilada por 24 e 48 horas; escarificação mecânica com lixa nº 80 na parte superior e oposta ao eixo embrionário e testemunha (sementes sem tratamento prévio). Quatro repetições de quinze sementes foram colocadas para germinar sobre papel umedecido com água destilada ou nitrato de potássio a 0,2%, em temperatura de 30º C em presença de luz. Foram realizadas contagens diárias do 2º dia após a implantação do experimento até a estabilização da porcentagem de germinação, que acorreu no 60º dia. A germinação foi mais rápida em sementes pré-embebidas em ácido giberélico (em substrato umedecido com água ou com solução de nitrato de potássio 0,2%), pré-embebidas em água por 24 horas, em substrato umedecido com água, e pré-embebidas em água por 48 horas ou escarificadas mecanicamente e colocadas para germinar em substrato umedecido com água. Taxas de germinação mais elevadas ocorreram em sementes pré-embebidas em ácido giberélico a 100 ou 200 mg L -1 , em substrato umedecido com solução de nitrato de potássio 0,2%.Termos para indexação: Melastomataceae, Mouriri elliptica Mart., germinação, frutífera nativa do cerrado. ABSTRACTCroada seeds (Mouriri elliptica Mart.) Melastomataceae, a fruit-bearing species native of the cerrado (savannah-like vegetation), were submitted to the following dormancy breaking methods: pre-cooling at 5° C for 7 days; pre-heating in a oven air circualtion at 40º C for 7 days; chemical escarification in concentrated sulfuric acid for 5 and 15 min; soaking in boiling water for 5 and 15 min; soaking in gibbereli acid at 100 and 200 mg L -1 for 48 hours; soaking into distilled water for 24 and 48 hours; mechanical escarification with a sandpaper number 80 at teh upper aprt and opposed to the embryonary axis and control (seeds without any previous treatment). The seeds were put to germinate on a "germitest" type paper moistened with destilled water or 0.2% potassiun nitrate. Daily counts between the 2nd day after the establishment of the experiment till the stabilization, which took place on the 60 th day, were performed. Seeds germinated faster when they were pre-soaked in gibberelic acid, independent of if placed to germinate on a water-moistened substrate or with a soultion of 0.2% potassiun nitrate, pre-soaked into water for 24 hours, on a water-moistened substrate, or independent of the substrate, and, pre-soaked into water for 48 hours or mechanical escarification and put to germinate on a water-containing substrate. Higher germination rates occurred in seeds pre-soaked into 100 or 200 mg L -1 gibberelic acid, on a substr...
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