The single-layer technique appeared at the beginning of the 1980s, with the ACCROPODE™ unit, and is thus entering its third decade. At the time, this solution was a real innovation, reducing the amount of concrete and steepening armour facing slopes, hence reducing the volume of materials required. After three decades in use and more than 200 projects to date, it was important to summarize the lessons learned during this period and to inspect (above and below water) some of these structures in order to assess their behaviour and particularly to confirm the validity of the unit placing rules. In addition to the aspects related to armour stability, the focus has been given to the colonization by marine life of the structures, including the bedding layers, toe berms, underlayer, armour units. The purpose of this paper is to share the experience gained throughout the inspections undertaken since 2010 on structures built more than 10 years ago. A large panel of structures has been inspected, of different ages and at various locations worldwide.
Cet article propose de repenser l’articulation entre histoire et mémoire au sein de la discipline historique. Il présente d’abord les limites du discours produit par un certain nombre d’historiens identifiant ces deux catégories comme antagoniques, notamment à l’occasion des débats sur les lois mémorielles et de la création de l’association Liberté pour l’histoire à la fin de l’année 2005. Le texte revient ensuite sur les conditions sociales et scientifiques qui ont encadré, à la fin des années 1970, la production de l’opposition entre histoire et mémoire, avant d’indiquer les apports de son dépassement dans la recherche historique aujourd’hui, permettant d’investiguer la mémoire en tant qu’objet scientifique par de multiples biais.
Cet article montre comment l’expression « devoir de mémoire », devenue formule consacrée au début des années 1990 en France pour se référer au génocide juif, fait dès lors fonction de formule-tierce. Comme intermédiaire sémantique incarnant une conscience morale chargée d’une dette envers les morts (« tiers disparus »), « devoir de mémoire » soutient la publicisation de paroles de témoins dans des dispositifs médiatiques compassionnels.This article shows how the expression “devoir de mémoire” (duty to remember) became a stock phrase in the political lexicon of France in the early 1990s. First used in the context of the Holocaust, it came to be commonly used as a semantic intermediary, expressing debt owed to the dead. “Devoir de mémoire” supports the recording and public expression of testimony, and its compassionate reception in the media
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