There is an increased prevalence of Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and it is a well-known human malignant cancer.Oxidative stress markersare helpful in diagnosis andto assess the progression malignancy. The current analysis aimed to determine the altered levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. This research was conducted by the general pathology department of Institute of dentistry, CMH Lahore,from September 17, 2021, to January 17, 2022. Total of sixtyage and sex matched participants were included in the study and further divided into two groups. In study group thirtyconfirmed cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma on pathologywere recruited. Oxidative stress markers were measured and statistically analyses done by using SPSS software version 25. The results showed increase levels of malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, isoprostanes, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha as compared to the control groups (p= 0.023, 0.001, 0.041, 0.000 and 0.033 respectively). Oxidative stress markers are elevatedlevels of oxidative stress marked are found in patients of OSCC. That may lead to swift progression of disease and may increase mortality rate.

Aim: To determine frequency of alloimmunization and autoimmunization among the patient of thalassemia with history of multiple blood transfusions. Methods: This study was conducted by consecutive sampling in six months duration from September 2020 to August 2021 at the department of Hematology and blood Transfusion Medicine, of University of Child Health Sciences, The Children's Hospital Lahore. Any patient with a positive Direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was labeled as auto-immunized and a positive indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) was labeled as alloimmunized. Results: Total 90 cases were enrolled with 62% male and 38% females with a mean age 6.04 + 3.3 years (range of age: 7 months to 14 years). Antibody screening and auto-antibodies were positive in 4.4% (n= 4) cases each, and allo-antibodies in 6.7% (n=6) cases (anti-E in 2, anti-C in 2, anti-K and anti-e in 1 each). Among all these patients of beta thalassemia, spleen was enlarged in 71% cases; around half of these were <5 years old. Around 96% had first transfusion <2 years. The frequency of patients positive on DAT, IAT and on anti-body screening was significantly related to the frequency of blood transfusion Practical Implications: Autoantibodies produce a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT), resulting in hyperhemolysis of red cells in thalassemic patients, which exacerbates the existing alloantibodies factor in children who have received several blood transfusions. The gap between transfusions will be shortened. Routinely, greater emphasis is placed on the identification of allo-antibodies, but auto-antibodies should also be evaluated so that this phenomena may be better understood and handled. This study was conducted to examine the link between a greater transfusion demand and the existence of auto or allo antibodies in Thalassemia patients. I Conclusion: We found Alloimmunization and autoimmunization together not very uncommon in transfusion dependent patients of Thalassemia. The frequency of transfusions is affected in co-existing states. Extended matching, as well as early diagnosis and control of Auto and allo-antibodies both can improve the efficacy of blood transfusion. Keywords: Autoantibodies, IAT, DAT, Coomb’s test, Thalassemia, Allo-immunization

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate salpingectomy specimens of all types of ovarian tumors by opting SEE-FIM grossing protocol. Methods: A total of 79 samples of fallopian tubes were grossed following SEE-FIM protocol, as mentioned by CAP. This study was conducted in Pathology department at Niazi Medical and Dental College Sargodha. Results: One third ovarian tumors (n = 26, 33.8%) were bilateral and two fifth tumors (n = 31, 40.3%) were on the right side. More than ninety percent samples (n = 71, 92.2%) had non-precursor lesions. Lastly, most common cases of ovarian tumors were of mature cystic teratoma (n = 16, 20.8%), dysgerminoma (n = 13, 16.9%) and mucinous cystadenoma (n = 12, 15.6%). The results of chi-square tests showed significant association of both histopathological changes in fallopian tube (χ2 (6) = 31.05, p < .001) and histopathological findings (χ2 (2) = 7.81, p < .05) with types of ovarian neoplasm. Conclusion: The routine following of SEE-FIM is an easily adoptable and valuable protocol in terms of finding unexpected / incidental lesions and their correlation with different ovarian neoplasms. Keyword: SEE-FIM protocol, Salpingectomy specimen, precursor fallopian tube lesions.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The tuberculosis (TB) of the spine is causing permanent deformities since long time. Earliest most possible accurate diagnosis is required to treat either TB or to exclude other lesions to avoid permanent disability. METHODOLOGY: This is a descriptive study conducted at pathology department of Lahore Medical & Dental College (LM&DC), Lahore from January 2017 to December 2019. All the spine biopsies received in Pathology department were included in the study irrespective of age and sex. Each biopsy was grossly and microscopically examined and reported by a histopathologist. RESULTS: Out of 386 specimens received, 189 (48.9%) were clinically diagnosed as tuberculosis. Out of these 189 cases, 127 were confirmed on histopathological examination showing clinicopathological correlations in 67.19 % of cases. The rest 62 (32.80%) of the cases were reported as chronic non specific inflammation (38), degenerative changes (11), metastatic tumor (04), and atypical cell infiltrate (02), plasma cell neoplasm (01), Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (01) and other lesions (05) which all were benign. Out of the total 386 spine biopsies, 154 (39.89 %) were histopathologically proven for tuberculosis.  From these 154 histologically proven cases, 127 were clinically suspected cases of Tuberculosis. No clinical diagnosis was provided in 02 patients. The rest of 25 patients were clinically labeled as pathological lesion without specific diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Histopathology should be considered as the most reliable tool for spinal tuberculosis to minimize permanent disability associated with wrong management based on potentially erroneous clinical diagnosis.

Background: This procedure, known as plateletpheresis, involves the removal of platelets from a donor's blood. This method produces eight times as many platelets as would be obtained by using whole blood. Aim: To evaluate the effect of different donor related factors on platelet yield. Method: This research was carried out at the Children's Hospital & Institute of Child Health Science in Lahore, Pakistan, specifically in the Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion Unit. Forty plateletpheresis donors meeting the criteria were enlisted for the study. The COM.TEC cell separator apparatus and the TRIMA automated blood collection system were used to perform the plateletpheresis. Before and after a plateletpheresis, the patient's hematocrit, haemoglobin, platelet count, white blood cell count, processed volume, and processing time were recorded. Results: Platelet yield demonstrated a substantial positive link with the pre-platelet count of the donors, as well as their age, weight, and the volume processed. Platelet production was not correlated in any way with blood group, total leukocyte count, high-content testing, or processing time. Conclusion: A patient's pre-platelet count, age, weight, and processed volume were positively correlated with their platelet production. Keywords: Plateletpheresis, Hemoglobin, Total leukocyte count, Platelet count, Platelet yield