Hypersensitive tooth is an old age complaint. It can be defined as pain arising from exposed dentin typically in response to chemical, thermal or osmotic stimuli that cannot be explained as arising from any other form of dental defect or pathology. This enigma of hypersensitivity commonly affects buccal cervical areas of premolars & canines. It affects the population at an age range of 20-40 yrs with peak at end of third decade. Sensitivity occurs when dentinal tubules are exposed. Four theories have been proposed to explain this mechanism, which are transducer, modulation, gate control and hydrodynamic. Hydrodynamic theory is widely accepted. Old remedies and materials used for management of hypersensitivity includes lung ash from mice, dried livers from lizards, salt lavage, potassium nitrate, alum, anodynes such as cocaine hydrochloride, menthol, phenol, eugenol, morphine or codeine sulfate. Caustics such as zinc chloride, absolute alcohol, trichloroacetic acid, silver nitrate and others such as carbolic acid, calcium compounds such as calcium hydroxide, dicalcium phosphate, oxalates. Stannous or sodium fluoride, fluoride iontophoresis or leukomscy's paste, glass ionomers, resins, cyanoacrylates and corticosteroids. Recent methods include dentin treatment by lasers, CCP-ACP, Pro-Argin technology.

: Vital

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During the past few decades endodontic treatment has benefited from the development of new techniques and equipment, which have improved outcome and predictability. Important attributes such as the operating microscope and ultrasonics (US) have found indispensable applications in a number of dental procedures in periodontology, to a much lesser extent in restorative dentistry, while being very prominently used in endodontics. US in endodontics has enhanced the quality of treatment and represents an important adjunct in the treatment of difficult cases. Since its introduction, US has become increasingly more useful in applications such as gaining access to canal openings, cleaning and shaping, obturation of root canals, removal of intracanal materials and obstructions, and endodontic surgery. This comprehensive review of the literature aims at presenting the numerous uses of US in clinical endodontics and emphasizes the broad applications in a modern-day endodontic practice.

Recognition of unusual variations in the root canal system is critical because it has been established that the root with a single tapering canal and apical foramen is the exception rather than the rule. C-shaped canal system is a variation that has a racial predilection and is commonly seen in mandibular second molars. The intricacies present in this variation of canal morphology can pose a challenge to the clinician during negotiation, debridement and obturation. The early recognition of these configurations facilitates cleaning, shaping, and obturation of the root canal system. "C" configuration, which is an important anatomic variation, presents a thin fin connecting the root canals. Knowledge of the C-shaped canal system is essential to achieve success in endodontic therapy. Radiographic and clinical diagnoses can aid in identification and negotiation of the fan shaped areas and intricacies of the C-shaped anatomy. The aim of this review is to discuss the etiology, incidence, classification, diagnosis and management of the C-shaped canal system.