tions at specified growth stages is the most common practice followed by the farmers (PhilRice, 1991;Pillai Low N use efficiency (NUE) continues to be a problem in the rice and Kundu, 1993).This does not consider the dynamic (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The leaf color chart (LCC)-based real-time N management can be crop N requirement and soil N supply because N recomused to optimize/synchronize N application with crop demand or to mendations were mainly derived from empirical testing improve existing fixed split N recommendations. We conducted a field of N response to few fixed doses. In fixed-time recomexperiment during 2001-2003 at Modipuram, India, to determine the mended N split schedule, the N splitting is skewed, the threshold LCC values for N application in rice and wheat, assess the first two splittings [one as basal at the time of planting/ need for basal N application, calibrate the LCC with a chlorophyll sowing and another at 25 to 30 d after transplanting meter (SPAD), and work out the economics of rice-wheat systems. (DAT) in rice and 21 to 25 d after sowing (DAS) in Treatments consisted of LCC scores of 2 to 5 for different cultivars wheat] occur at 21 to 30 DAS/DAT, and third dose is of rice and wheat and were compared with the zero-N control and a split at panicle initiation (PI) stage. In some rice-growrecommended fixed-time N splitting. In rice, LCC Յ 3 for 'Basmatiing countries, present recommendations call for 50 to 370', 4 for 'Saket-4', and 5 for 'Hybrid 6111/PHB-71' produced higher yield and NUE than recommended N splits. In wheat, maintenance and A.

This article explores effectual processes within home-based online businesses. Our empirical evidence provides a number of refinements to the concept of effectuation in this specific domain. First, the ubiquity of non-proprietary online trading platforms encourages the adoption of effectual approaches and removes the importance of forming proprietary strategic alliances and pre-commitments. Second, the notion of affordable loss – a central tenet of effectuation – should be extended beyond the notion of economic to social affordable loss, including loss of status and reputation, and finally, home-based online businesses allow effectuation to be associated with low levels of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and experience

Context:Hand hygiene (HH) is the most important measure to prevent hospital-acquired infections but the compliance is still low.Aims:To assess the compliance, identify factors influencing compliance and to study the knowledge, attitude and perceptions associated with HH among health care workers (HCW).Settings and Design:Cross-sectional study conducted in 42 bedded Medical (Pulmonary, Medicine and Stroke) intensive care units (ICU) of a tertiary care hospital.Materials and Methods:HCWs (doctors and nurses) were observed during routine patient care by observers posted in each ICU and their HH compliance was noted. Thereafter, questionnaire regarding knowledge, perception and attitudes toward HH was filled by each HCW.Statistical Analysis:Percentages and χ2 test.Results:The overall compliance was 43.2% (394/911 opportunities). It was 68.9% (31/45) in the intensivists, 56.3% (18/32) in attending physicians, 40.0% (28/70) in the postgraduate residents and 41.3% (301/728) in the nurses. Compliance was inversely related to activity index. Compliance for high, medium and low risk of cross-transmission was 38.8% (67/170), 43.8% (175/401) and 44.7% (152/340), respectively.Conclusions:Compliance of the study group is affected by the activity index (number of opportunities they come across per hour) and professional status. The HCWs listed less knowledge, lack of motivation, increased workload as some of the factors influencing HH.

Introduction:Studies on autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have largely focused on children in specific settings. The current scenario of research in ASDs is limited largely to clinic-based case reports, case series, and retrospective chart reviews. The present study is the first population-based prevalence study conducted across rural, urban, and tribal populations in India.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional two-phase study was conducted covering children in the age group of 1–10 years of age across geographical regions representing rural, urban, and tribal populations. The first phase (screening phase) involved administration of the Hindi version of the Indian Scale for Assessment of Autism. Those identified as suspected of ASD and 10% of all classified as nonsuspects for autism were also evaluated by the clinical team in second phase (evaluation phase).Results:Forty-three children out of a total of 28,070 children in rural, urban, and tribal area in the age group of 1–10 years were diagnosed as cases of ASD yielding a prevalence of 0.15% (95% confidence interval [CI] =0.15–0.25). Logistic regression analysis showed a two times significantly higher risk of diagnosing ASD in rural area as compared to tribal (odds ratio [OR]; 95% CI = 2.17 [1.04–4.52], P = 0.04). Male sex and upper socioeconomic group of head of family/father had a higher risk of getting diagnosed as autism as compared to lower socioeconomic group (OR; 95% CI - 3.23; 0.24–44.28, P = 0.38).Conclusions:Estimation of true prevalence of ASD in India is going to improve policies on developmental disabilities.

Data mining is an interdisciplinary field of computer science and is referred to extracting or mining knowledge from large amounts of data. Classification is one of the data mining techniques that maps the data into the predefined classes and groups. It is used to predict group membership for data instances. There are many areas that adapt Data mining techniques such as medical, marketing, telecommunications, and stock, health care and so on. The C4.5 can be referred as the statistic Classifier. This algorithm uses gain radio for feature selection and to construct the decision tree. It handles both continuous and discrete features. C4.5 algorithm is widely used because of its quick classification and high precision. This paper proposed a C4.5 classifier based on the various entropies (Shannon Entropy, Havrda and Charvt entropy, Quadratic entropy) instance of Shannon entropy for classification. Experiment results show that the various entropy based approach is effective in achieving a high classification rate.