BackgroundThe term triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) refers to a particular class of aggressive, poorly differentiated neoplasms that show the absence of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) antibodies. SOX10 (SRY-related HMG-box 10) is a nuclear transcription factor that is commonly used to identify cancers of neural origin, but it has recently been linked to TNBC. The purpose of this study is to determine SOX10 expression in TNBC, its association with tumor grade for molecular categorization, and to determine the diagnostic significance of SOX10 in TNBC at the metastatic site in the case of an unknown primary. MethodologySOX10 was used to stain a tissue microarray of 100 patients. According to the tumor grade, SOX10 staining was classified as negative (<1%), patchy (1-10%), focal (10-70%), and diffuse (70-100%). SPSS version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) software was used to conduct the statistical analysis. ResultsThe expression of SOX10 regarding positivity and intensity was higher in high-grade tumors than in intermediate-grade tumors (p = 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively). ConclusionsSOX10 is a reliable novel marker for the diagnosis of TNBC and has diagnostic utility in the unknown primary at the metastatic site.

BackgroundHigh-grade B-cell lymphomas (HGBLs), with c-Myc, Bcl2, and/or Bcl6 rearrangement, are aggressive neoplasms with poor clinical outcomes. Cyclin D1 is a proto-oncogene that is generally expressed by mantle cell lymphoma, its variants, and many other neoplasms.

Background: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors with varying biological, functional, and clinical characteristics that develop from the gastroenteropancreatic tract's diffuse neuroendocrine system. The objective of this study is to determine the clinicopathological features of GEP-NETs at our facility.Methodology: A cross-sectional analysis of 87 biopsies and resection specimens from January 2020 to January 2022 was performed. The histopathological reports as well as patient's demographic and clinic pathological data were obtained. Two pathologists with a special interest in gastroenteropancreatic pathology blindly reviewed all cases. The tumor grade and stage were determined using the WHO classification ( 2019) and the AJCC TNM system (8th edition). The data were analyzed with SPSS version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).Results: Of the total 87 patients, 49 (56.3%) were male. The age range was 11 to 80 years, with a mean of 45.7±16.4 and the majority (56.3%) were under 50 years. The most frequent symptom was abdominal pain (55.2%). The most common site of GEP-NETs was the appendix (21.8%), followed by the ileum (18.4%), with the majority of tumors being non-functional (96.5%). Furthermore, neuroendocrine tumor (NET) grade 1 accounts for 62% of the total, followed by NET grade 2 (24.1%), neuroendocrine carcinoma (NET) grade 3 (10.3%), and mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MINENs) (3.5%). Synaptophysin was found to be positive in 83.9% cases while Chromogranin A was positive in 39.1%. A pathologic tumor (pT) stage was determined in 47 resection specimens in our study and the most common stage was pT3 (36.1%). Nodal metastasis was found in 25.5% of patients.Conclusions: According to our study, appendix and ileum were the most common GEP-NETs sites. The tumor site and grade were shown to significantly correlate among the clinicopathological features but there was no discernible correlation between the tumor grade and the gender, age, or pathological tumor (pT) stage.