Objectives: To study the level of physical activity of Pakistani labourers in Saudi Arabia, and to find its relationship with body mass index. Method: The observational study was conducted inside the Pakistan Embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from October 2017 to March 2018, and comprised Pakistani males aged 22-60 years doing unskilled and semi-skilled jobs. Body mass index was calculated, and the level of physical activity was assessed using the short form International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: There were 130 subjects with mean age of 33.53±7.9 years. There were 109(83.8%) subjects aged <40 years, and 21(16.2%) were aged 40 years. Mean body mass index of the sample was 26.13±5.29kg/m². Overall, 71(54.6%) participants were insufficiently active having energy expenditure <600 metabolic equivalent of task in minutes per week. No statistically significant result was found when total energy expenditure was considered (p0.05), but significant result was found for energy expenditure due to ‘walk alone’ (p0.05). Significant correlation was found between profession and overall energy expenditure and job-related energy expenditure. Significant but weak positive correlation was found between body mass index and walk-related energy expenditure (r=0.279, p0.001). Conclusion: Mean body mass index of the sample was high compared to South Asian cut-off values, and the level physical activity was very low, but the findings failed to show an inverse relationship between physical activity level and body mass index. Key Words: Relationship, Physical activity level, BMI, Pakistani labourers, Saudi Arabia, Cross-sectional.

Clinical evidence suggests that T2DM and its complications can be prevented through regular intake of functional foods. This cost-effective way of managing T2DM in developing world might prove very beneficial. A randomized controlled trial was done to compare effects of Fenugreek and Cinnamon on treatment of newly diagnosed cases of T2 DM. Subjects were selected from Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Islamabad. Study was carried out in three phases: Phase I, baseline; Phase II, after 90 days and Pahse III at end of washout period. Subjects, from both genders, were within the age range of 40-65 years. There were 26 subjects in each group. Serum levels of FPG, HbA1c, fasting insulin levels, lipid profile were measured at baseline and at the end of 2nd and 3rd phases. BMI, WC and WHR were also studied in all phases of the study. SPSS (version 22) was used for analysis. Cinnamon seemed to have more effect on both anthropometric (BMI & WC) and biochemical (FPG, HbA1c, serum Insulin, serum cholesterol, HDL & LDL) parameters, as compared to Fenugreek, which had effect on WC, FPG, HbA1c, serum cholesterol and TG only. Although, the magnitude of these effects was similar in both groups.

Context: Adiponectin levels correlate positively with high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and negatively with serum triglyceride (TAG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and serum total cholesterol (TC). Aims: To find the relationship of serum adiponectin levels with lipid profiles in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women. Settings and Design: The study was performed in four public hospitals and one private tertiary care hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan. This study was a cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: Group A included 100 non-diabetic pregnant women, and Group B included 100 women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Inclusion criteria were a single fetus, 24 to 40 weeks pregnancy, with or without gestational diabetes. Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancies, pre-existing diabetes, and other comorbidities. The serum adiponectin level and lipid profile of both groups were measured. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive analysis of all the variables was done. Independent-sample T-tests, Pearson's correlations, and binary logistic regression analyses were performed on SPSS version 20. Results: Adiponectin level was significantly lower in Group B (2.17 ± 1.84 μg/mL) as compared to Group A (9.94 ± 4.81 μg/mL). HDL level was significantly lower than normal in Group B. TC and LDL levels were higher than normal in both groups. A statistically significant relationship was found between adiponectin and HDL only. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that low adiponectin levels could predict diabetes in pregnancy. Conclusions: Regression analysis could not establish any relationship between adiponectin and lipid profile. However, adiponectin levels could show a relationship with the diabetic group. Hence adiponectin levels could possibly prove to be a biomarker of GDM.

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical pain requires surgical intervention in emergency. Diagnosis of acute appendicitis is mainly a clinical judgment but many clinical scoring systems and advance radiology is routinely used in developed countries. The aim is to reduce unnecessary removal of normal appendix, which is still very high up to 37% in some parts of the world. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the Negative appendectomy rate (NAR) in a tertiary care hospital of Quetta. Method: This is a prospective observational study carried out between November 2020 and June 2021.121 cases of acute appendicitis that underwent surgical management. Results: The study data revealed a negative appendectomy rate of 59.5% Tenderness rebound tenderness and total leucocyte count (TLC) showed statistical significance with histopathology findings. Female had high negative rate of appendectomy. Conclusion: The study showed that on clinical judgment in diagnosis of acute appendicitis will result in high negative appendectomy rate, it is need of time to add radiology at least ultrasonography should be mandatory in every suspected case of appendicitis in our part of world and diagnostic laparoscopy in equivocal cases especially in female patients.

BackgroundVitamin D is a vital micronutrient and plays a vital role in defining the bone mineral density of an individual. There are many factors that regulate the levels of vitamin D in our body. The deficiency in vitamin D leads to various complications, with the most important one weakening of bones. Adolescence defines the degree of bone mineral density, which reduces with the growing age in a gradual fashion. MethodsThe study was a cross-sectional study conducted in Zarghoon town, Quetta, Pakistan. A sample size of 142 was taken from urban and rural areas. Participants were adolescent girls falling in the age bracket of 13-18 years. The circulating level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D was assessed using the ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique. Data were analyzed with SPSS Version 20 (IBM Corp.). ResultsOverall, vitamin D deficiency was 32.4%, and 9.9 % of girls were found to be severely deficient, where the highest proportion belonged to urban samples. The prevalence rate of vitamin D insufficiency was 39.4%. The urban population had a higher prevalence of low levels of vitamin D. In urban respondents, 49.1% had an insufficient vitamin D level, 33.3% had a deficient vitamin D level, and 17.5% had a severely deficient vitamin D level. In rural respondents, 47.1% had normal vitamin D levels, 32.9% had insufficient vitamin D levels, 15.3% were deficient, and 4.7% were severely deficient. ConclusionIt was concluded that vitamin D deficiency has a high prevalence among adolescent girls of school age. Additionally, it is more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas.