‫العمر‬ ‫كان‬ ‫املنزل.‬ ‫في‬ ‫منهم‬ 52% ‫وعزل‬ ، ‫املستشفى‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫منهم‬ 48% ‫إدخال‬ ‫مت‬ ، ‫سنة‬ p=0.017(، 80 ‫؛‬ 2.56 ‫فردية]‬ ‫[نسبة‬ OR(‫سنة‬ 70-79 ‫بني‬ ‫األكبر‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫املستشفى‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫للدخول‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫عرضة‬ ‫أكثر‬)OR ‫؛84.6‬ p=0.001(9% ‫من‬ ‫أعلى‬ HbA1c ‫مستوى‬ ‫لديهم‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫املرضى‬ ، ‫وباملثل‬ ‫سنة.‬ 40< ‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أمراض‬ ‫من‬ ‫يعانون‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫املرضى‬ ‫؛‬)OR ‫؛85.1‬ p=0.047(‫؛‬ 7%< ‫ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫القلب‬ ‫أمراض‬ ،)OR ‫؛34.1‬ p=0.048(‫الدم‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫مصاحبة‬ ‫الدماغية‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫األوعية‬ ‫أمراض‬ ،)OR ‫؛65.1‬ p=0.033(‫الدموية‬ ‫واألوعية‬ ‫كان‬ ،)OR ‫؛15.1‬ p=0.018(‫مزمن‬ ‫رئوي‬ ‫مرض‬ ،)OR ‫؛83.2‬ p=0.016(IIIa ، IIIb ،(‫املزمنة‬ ‫الكلى‬ ‫وأمراض‬ ،)OR ‫؛54.2‬ p=0.025(‫اخلبيث‬ ‫الورم‬ ‫عرضة‬ ‫أكثر‬)IV)OR ‫؛73.2‬ p=0.008(، CKD V)OR ‫؛70.5‬ p=0.007 OR(‫باألنسولني‬ ‫املعاجلني‬ ‫فإن‬ ، ‫وباملثل‬ ‫املستشفى.‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫للدخول‬ ‫ملحوظ‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫غير‬ ‫باملرضى‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫املستشفى‬ ‫دخول‬ ‫لتطلب‬ ‫عرضة‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫كانوا‬ ‫؛64.1)‬ p=0.03 ‫باألنسولني.‬ ‫املعاجلني‬ ‫تقدم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وجد‬ ‫السكري،‬ ‫بداء‬ ‫املصابني‬ COVID-19 ‫مرضى‬ ‫بني‬ ‫اخلالصة:‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫عوامل‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫مصاحبة‬ ‫أمراض‬ ‫ووجود‬ ،HbA1c ‫مستوى‬ ‫وارتفاع‬ ‫العمر،‬ ‫املستشفى‬ ‫لدخول‬ ‫كبيرة‬ Objectives: To elucidate the risk factors for hospital admission among COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

BACKGROUNDHLA-B*51 has been universally associated with Behcet’s disease (BD) susceptibility, while different alleles of HLA-A have also been identified as independent BD susceptibility loci in various ethnic populations. The objective of this study was to investigate associations of HLA-A and -B alleles with BD in Saudi patients.MATERIALS AND METHODSGenotyping for HLA-A and HLA-B was performed using HLA genotyping kit (Lab type(R) SSO) in 120 Saudi subjects, including 60 BD patients and 60 matched healthy controls.RESULTSOur results revealed that frequencies of HLA-A*26, -A*31, and -B*51 were significantly higher in BD patients than in controls, suggesting that HLA-A*26, -A*31, and -B*51 are associated with BD. The frequency of HLA-B*15 was significantly lower in BD patients than in controls. Stratification of genotyping results into active and nonactive forms of BD revealed that the frequency of HLA-A*31 was significantly higher in the nonactive form than in the active form of BD, while there was no significant difference in the distribution of other alleles between the two forms of BD.CONCLUSIONThis study suggests that HLA-A*26, -A*31, and -B*51 are associated with susceptibility risk to BD, while HLA-B*15 may be protective in Saudi patients. However, larger scale studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Behçet’s disease (BD) is a complex, multisystemic inflammatory disorder of unclear etiology. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-10 genes have been implicated in susceptibility to BD with inconsistent results in several ethnic populations. The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the association of TNF-α (−308G/A), TNF-β (+252A/G), and IL-10 (−1082G/A, −819C/T, and −592 C/A) polymorphisms with susceptibility of BD in Saudi patients. Molecular genotyping of TNF-α, TNF-β, and IL-10 gene polymorphisms was performed to analyze the alleles and genotypes distribution in 272 Saudi subjects, including BD patients (61) and healthy controls (211). The frequencies of allele A and genotype GA of TNF-α (−308G/A) were significantly higher, whereas those of allele G and genotypes GG were significantly lower in BD patients than controls, indicating that A allele and GA genotype are susceptible, while G allele and GG genotype may be refractory to BD. The distribution of frequencies of alleles and genotype of TNF-β (+252A/G) promoter polymorphism was not significantly different between BD patients and healthy controls. Genotypes 1082GG, −819TT, and 592AA of IL-10 polymorphisms are significantly associated with susceptibility risk of BD, while genotypes 1082AA, 1082GA, 819CC, 819CT, 592CC, and 592CA are resistant to BD. This study indicates that TNF-α (−308G/A) and IL-10 (−1082G/A, −819C/T, and −592C/A) polymorphisms are associated with risk of BD susceptibility in Saudi patients. However, larger scale studies in Saudi population as well as in other ethnicities are needed to confirm this association.

We present an uncommon case of a 48-year-old female patient with symptomatic presentation of a severe aortic regurgitation with aneurysm of the ascending aorta and progressive dyspnea. Detailed investigation of laboratory tests and imaging identified Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) as the underlying etiology. Computed tomography scan revealed complete occlusion of the right carotid artery as well as stenosis at the origins of left subclavian and vertebral arteries. In addition, cardiac magnetic resonance angiogram showed aneurysm at the proximal segment of right subclavian artery. Intervention with corticosteroids effectively diminished the need for immediate surgical intervention. Treating physicians should always consider differential diagnosis of TA in the presence of atypical clinical findings in all patients with cardiac problems especially when there is valve involvement.

Background Behcet’s disease (BD) is a complex, inflammatory, immune-mediated multi-systemic disease of unknown etiology. Cytokines play major roles in the pathophysiology of BD, and its production may be affected by polymorphism in cytokine genes. Hence, the present study was planned to investigate any possible association between the polymorphism in TGF-β, IFN-γ, and IL-6 genes and BD in the Saudi population. Materials and Methods The present study includes 79 BD cases and 117 age-matched controls. Polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and amplification refractory mutation systems (ARMS) PCR methods were used for polymorphic analysis. Results The heterozygous (CT) and (CT+TT) combined genotypes of TGF-β (509-C/T), heterozygous (AT), variant (TT), and (AT+TT) combined genotypes of IFN-γ (874-A/T) were significantly ( P <0.05) associated with BD in the Saudi population. No significant differences were observed for IL-6 (174-G/C) genotypes and alleles between BD cases and controls. Gender does not reflect any significant genotypic and allelic association with males and females. Conclusion CT genotype of TGF -β, and AT and TT genotypes of IFN -γ could be associative genetic risk factors for BD in Saudis. Regulatory region polymorphism in cytokines gene can increase inflammation and deregulated immune response, which could be risk factor for BD.