Every year millions of people are affected and thousands of them die due to infections and intoxication as a result of foodborne outbreaks, which also cause billions of dollars' worth of damage, public health problems, and agricultural product loss. A considerable portion of these outbreaks is related to fresh produce and caused by foodborne pathogens on fresh produce and mycotoxins. Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak, occurred in Germany in 2011, has attracted a great attention on foodborne outbreaks caused by contaminated fresh produce, and especially the vulnerability and gaps in the early warning and notification networks in the surveillance systems in all around the world. In the frame of this paper, we reviewed the most common foodborne pathogens on fresh produce, traceback investigations of the outbreaks caused by these pathogens, and lastly international early warning and notification systems, including PulseNet International and Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, aiming to detect foodborne outbreaks.

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic, progressive inflammatory diseases that can be accompanied by other diseases. These patients use several medications, especially due to their comorbidities and widespread pain. In recent years, with the increase in the lifespan of individuals, the concept of polypharmacy has become more prominent. Accordingly, in our study, we aimed to present the prevalence of polypharmacy and its effects on these diseases.ObjectivesDemonstrating the prevalence of polypharmacy in RA and PsA, which are among the most frequently encountered inflammatory arthritides, and the effects of polypharmacy on disease activity.MethodsThis study included PsA patients with only peripheral joint involvement and no distal interphalangeal joint involvement and RA patients. The numbers of medications used by the patients at the onset of their treatment and in the sixth month of their treatment were recorded. Non-prescribed (over the counter), topical and herbal/homeopathic medications were excluded. Polypharmacy was accepted as the simultaneous use of at least five medications by the person. Disease activity score in 28 joints C-reactive protein (DAS-28 CRP) was used for disease activity for both diseases. In addition to these, the scores of the patients who attended their follow-ups in the 12th month were calculated and analyzed. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) scores of the patient were calculated based on their chronic diseases.ResultsThe sample of the study included 232 RA and 73 PsA patients. Demographic and some clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1. The mean numbers of medication used by the patients at the onset of their treatment were respectively 5.09±2.89 and 4.03±2.7 for the RA and PsA patients, whereas these mean numbers were found consecutively as 8.67±3.58 and 7.71±3.3 in the sixth month of their treatment. Polypharmacy was present in the sixth month of the treatment in 217 (93.5%) RA and 61 (83.6%) PsA patients.Table 1.Demographic and some clinical featuresRA (n=232)PSA (n=73)Age (mean±SD)55.2±13.6648.4±13.43Age Group<65 years171(73.7)65(89)≥65 years61(26.3)8(11)SexFemale, n (%)172(74.1)50(68.5)Male, n (%)60(25.9)23(31.5)Current smoker, n (%)82(35.3)33(45.2)The numbers of medication used8.67±3.587.71±3.3Polypharmacy at the Beginning of Treatment115(49.6)28(38.4)Polypharmacy in the sixth month of treatment217(93.5)61(83.6)CCI (n=232/72) (mean±SD)1.25±0.881.31±0.710th month DAS-28 CRP (mean±SD)4.91±1.284.68±1.036th month DAS-28 CRP (mean±SD)3.14±1.062.86±0.9912th month DAS-28 CRP (n=83/29) (mean±SD)2.73±1.182.8±1.12While the mean ages of the RA and PsA patients who had polypharmacy treatment at the beginning were respectively 59.21±12.65 and 53.5±13.81, their ages were significantly higher than the ages of those who did not receive polypharmacy treatment (respectively, 51.26±13.53 and 45.22±12.3).In RA ve PsA patients, the status of polypharmacy is higher in the groups in the groups aged 65 and over than those under 65 years of age, and it is statistically significant (p=0.001 and p=0.048, respectively). The risk of polypharmacy in people over 65 years of age in RA patients was 8.2 times, and the risk of polypharmacy in people over 65 years old in PSA patients was increased 6.3 times (p=0.015).In both the RA and PSA groups, patients with baseline polypharmacy had statistically significantly higher DAS-28 CRP scores at 6 months of treatment than those without baseline polypharmacy. (p<0.001). While the higher DAS-28 CRP score was maintained at 12 months in the RA group with polypharmacy at baseline (p=0.006), this was not significant in the PSA group (p=0.07).ConclusionPolypharmacy was present both at the time of diagnosis and in the treatment process in the RA and PsA patients, and the presence of polypharmacy at the beginning of the treatment was among the factors that affected the treatment of these patients by significantly affecting their 6th-month DAS-28 CRP values.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

This study aimed to examine the change in the air quality parameters of 31 cities that were affected by the strict measures taken in Turkey during the months of March, April, and May and their relationship with the activity parameters.Methods: Thirty-one cities included in this study were assessed in terms of their average particulate matter (PM 10 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), and ozone (O 3 ) values in the months of March, April, and May between 2017 and 2020 and their activity data in the same months of 2020, which had six different subdimensions.Results: When the compared the 3-month average air parameters of the cities and the 3-month average parameters of the previous 3 years, the PM 10 and NO 2 levels decreased from 47.6 μg/m 3 to 38.1 μg/m 3 and from 54.8 μg/m 3 to 25.7 μg/m 3 , respectively (p=0.001 and p=0.001). When the change in the air quality parameter and the activity change correlation were evaluated, a statistically significant correlation regarding "retail and recreation, " "workplaces, " and "residential, " which were the three subdimensions of the SO 2 change activity was determined (p=0.034, p=0.002, and p=0.003, respectively). In the linear regression models established, it was determined that "workplaces" had a statistically significant relationship regarding SO 2 change (r=0.339, p=0.038). Conclusion:The decrease in air pollution that is an indirect positive effect of the pandemic on the environment is temporary, but governments should learn from this lockdown on how to reduce pollution on a longterm basis.

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