These results suggest that the main factor underlying color change in type IIb early gastric cancers may be the number of capillaries in the lesions, in comparison with the adjacent mucosa. Whether the lesion is visible on endoscopy, however, depends more on its size than on the number of capillaries.

A case is reported of a 55 year old male patient with primary hypertrophic pyloric stenosis who was subjected to distal gastrectomy. Adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is an uncommon condition which is usually misdiagnosed as carcinoma of the antrum. It is a benign disease resulting from hypertrophy of the circular fibres of the pyloric canal and is recognizable radiologically by narrowing and elongation of the pyloric canal and endoscopically by appearances resembling those of the cervix. This condition is probably congenital although aetiology has not been established. In the absence of symptoms, no clinical treatment is required. However, surgical intervention is advocated, when stenosis gives rise to symptoms, there is a suspicion of malignancy, or the ulceration due to the disease. Distal gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy is the treatment of choice.

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A patient with a reversible protruded lesion regarded as idiopathic appendiceal intussusception was investigated in this study. The patient was a 78‐year‐old male, who consulted our department as a result of positive occult blood in his stool sample. There was no associated pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, chill or anorexia. He had no prior surgical history. Total colonoscopy detected a sigmoidal polyp and a protruded lesion in the caecum. The protruded lesion (about 12 mm in diameter) covered with normal mucosa was diagnosed as a benign submucosal tumor at that time. The periodic follow‐up colonoscopy showed an orifice on top of the protuberance. Further detailed observation revealed that the lesion reduced by itself, and resulted in showing a normal orifice of the appendix; however, afterwards it protruded again. These observations led to the diagnosis of the lesion as type B of Atkinson's classification in appendiceal intussusception. To our knowledge, approximately 200 cases of appendiceal intussusception have been documented in scientific reports worldwide. In Japan, only 10 cases of idiopathic appendiceal intussusception have been described. This case is considered to be important for presenting the initial stage of the complete intussusception of the appendix.