In this paper, a reliable and efficient structural analysis method for mathematical formulae is proposed for practical mathematical OCR. The proposed method consists of three steps. In the first step, a fast structural analysis algorithm is performed on each mathematical formula to obtain a tree representation of the formula. This step generally provides a correct tree representation but sometimes provides an erroneous representation. Therefore, the tree representation is verified by the following two steps. In the second step, the result of the analysis step, (i.e., a tree representation) is converted into a one-dimensional representation. The third step is a verification step where the one-dimensional representation is parsed by a formula description grammar, which is a context-free grammar specialized for mathematical formulae. If the onedimensional representation is not accepted by the grammar, the result of the analysis step is detected as an erroneous result and alarmed to OCR users. This three-step organization achieves reliable and efficient structural analysis without any two-dimensional grammars.

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Bacterial adherence to mucosa is thought to be an initial and important stage to cause urinary tract infection. Among some mechanisms of bacterial adherence, the role of fimbriae and its receptor is worthy of notice. In particular, type 1 fimbriae, for which mannose is assumed as a receptor, is reported as the most common type and called "common fimbriae". Therefore if a certain amount of mannose is present in urine, it will cover the fimbriae of bacteria and competitively block the bacterial adherence to bladder mucosa. As the first step, we tried to detect mannose in urine by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sugar can be measured by detecting the fluorescence which is produced by a sugar separated by ion exchange, reacting with arginine at high temperature. The results using standard sugar samples should have highly stable retention time and concentration curve with the minimum detectable mannose concentration of 0.02 microgram. We investigated mannose in urine from 186 cases. Since the mannose peak was often masked by near unidentified peaks, the peak of mannose could be detected only in 80 cases and its concentration could be measured only in 24 cases. Mannose concentration in the urine of the 24 cases was between 2.6 and 108.7 micrograms/ml and in most of cases it was lower than 20 micrograms/ml. Secondary, we examined the possibility of a mannose in urine to prevent bacterial adherence to mucosa by the hemagglutination test using guinea pig erythrocytes and type 1 fimbriated E. coli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Cell population of urinary leucocytes of 22 patients (intestine group) who underwent operations using intestinal segments for the urinary tract was compared with that of 26 complicated UTI patients without surgical intervention (control group). Eosinophils were recognized in 15.5 per cent of urinary leucocytes of the intestine group. However, in the control group, urine eosinophils were recognized only in 0.15 per cent. Although in sterile urines of the intestine group eosinophils were recognized in 30.8 per cent, in infected urines, the percentage of eosinophils decreased. Conversely, the percentage of neutrophils increased to 91.9 per cent. These findings suggest that neutrophils play an important role in infected urines of the intestine group as in urines of the control group. Significant differences were found in the values of urinary secretory IgA, IgG, IgM and urinary osmolarity. To evaluate the influence of these differences on the activity of phagocytosis of urinary leucocytes, the activity of phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), isolated from the peripheral blood, was investigated in immersion in urines of both groups. The mean rate of phagocytosis of E. coli in urines of both groups showed no statistically significant differences. However, urinary osmolarity of the intestine group was within the suitable range for phagocytosis and the activity of phagocytosis in urine was correlated with the value of IgG, which suggests that IgG has the opsonic effect. In contrast, the activity of phagocytosis in urine of the control group was strongly correlated with the value of urinary osmolarity. The growth of Providencia, Streptococcus, P. aeruginosa, whose frequency of isolation from urine of both groups was different in our previous study, and E. coli was studied in urine of the two groups. No significant difference in the growth of all bacteria was found, however. This finding suggests that the difference in the frequency of isolation of these bacteria from urine possibly depends on the adhesion of bacteria to intestinal epithelium.