An effective method for depositing highly transparent and conductive ultrathin silver (Ag) electrodes using minimal oxidation is reported. The minimal oxidation of Ag layers significantly improves the intrinsic optical and structural properties of Ag without any degradation of its electrical conductivity. Oxygen‐doped Ag (AgOx) layers of thicknesses as low as 6 nm exhibit completely 2D and continuous morphologies on ZnO films, smaller optical reflections and absorbances, and smaller sheet resistances compared with those of discontinuous and granular‐type Ag layers of the same thickness. A ZnO/AgOx/ZnO (ZAOZ) electrode using an AgOx (O/Ag = 3.4 at%) layer deposited on polyethylene terephthalate substrates at room temperature shows an average transmittance of 91%, with a maximum transmittance of 95%, over spectral range 400−1000 nm and a sheet resistance of 20 Ω sq−1. The average transmittance value is increased by about 18% on replacing a conventional ZnO/Ag/ZnO (ZAZ) electrode with the ZAOZ electrode. The ZAOZ electrode is a promising bottom transparent conducting electrode for highly flexible inverted organic solar cells (IOSCs), and it achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.34%, whereas an IOSC using the ZAZ electrode exhibits a much lower PCE of 5.65%.

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This study is aimed at establishing a correlation between microscopic factors and pedestrian volume in the urban environment, focusing on microscopic factors that stimulate pedestrian volume, such as density, diversity, network structure, accessibility, the form of lots and buildings, and the form of building façades. In particular, factors already known to boost pedestrian volume include density, diversity and accessibility, which are three variables highly related to the concept of 3Ds (Density, Diversity, Design) proposed by Cervero and Kockelman (1997) and the additional 2Ds (Distance to Transit, Destination Accessibility) suggested by Ewing et al. (2008). The analysis in this study is based on the 2010 survey of the floating population in Seoul, particularly on the data from Seocho-gu in the Gangnam area. Data was established by analyzing microscopic factors within the 500m radius around each of the 616 spots from which the pedestrian volume in Seocho-gu was measured. This study compared and analyzed two methods: OLS, which is featured in multiple studies of pedestrian volume, and Poisson Regression, which is the most common statistical analysis method of abnormal count data such as pedestrian volume. The analysis results showed that density, diversity and accessibility, three factors that were already known to be effective in increasing pedestrian volume, also proved to have the same effect in the Gangnam area. Moreover, the form of the ground level and facade of buildings were found to have a significant effect on pedestrian volume. These findings are expected to serve as basic data for the development of sustainable and resilient cities through higher pedestrian volume.

As a critical tool to foster sustainable urban environments and boost quality of life for its participants, community gardening has been used in diverse fields including urban planning, design, and regeneration projects. Despite multiple researches on the issue, however, few have paid attention to its urban economic aspect which affects residents' consistent participation. In this regards, the article analyzed key economic elements crucial for a longer-term commitment by conducting a survey on 117 participants residing in apartment complexes in South Korea's capital city of Seoul. The results showed that the participants not only used lands within/near their houses but spaces located far from their residences. Also, a higher level of their Engel's coefficient and the increase in the size of their cultivating lands turned out to boost the prolonged participation in their community gardening activity. Older participants and those who live with fewer family members were also found to be more proactive in community gardening.