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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflamed skin condition with relapsing pruritus and cutaneous physiological dysfunction. This skin disorder is widespread around the world and frequently affects infants, children and adults. Natural products with bioactive lead compounds are the source of natural medicines for complementary and alternative therapy in managing AD. Cassia alata has been used traditionally as a remedy for a variety of health issues. In Asian countries, it is used as an ethnomedicine to treat skin conditions such pityriasis versicolor, ringworm, scabies, shingles, urticaria and itching. According to previously published studies, the phytochemicals in C. alata may have a wide range of significant pharmacological effects. AD management is highlighted here, as this review explores the literature on the pharmacological effects of C. alata and its phytochemical content. Specifically, antibacterial, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects are reviewed and discussed in relation to AD management.

The genetic fusion of cytolysin A (clyA) to heterologous antigen expressed in live Salmonella vector demonstrated efficient translocation into periplasmic space and extracellular medium. Accumulating evidence has shown that clyA‐mediated antigen delivery improved growth fitness and enhanced immunogenicity of live vector vaccine, but the factors influencing this protein exportation has not been investigated. In this study, Toxoplasma gondii antigen fused at C‐terminal of clyA protein was expressed in live S. Typhi vector via both plasmid and chromosomal‐based expressions. The bivalent strains showed comparable growth rates as monovalent strains, but in varies antigen exportation efficiency. ClyA‐fusion antigen with positive charges was translocated to the extracellular spaces, whereas those with negative charges were retained in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, excessive cellular resources expenditure on antigen expression, especially antigen with larger size, could limit the clyA‐fusion antigen exportation, resulting in undesirable metabolic burden that eventually affects the growth fitness. Altogether, the present work indicates potential linkage of factors mainly on antigen properties and expression platforms that may affect clyA‐mediated antigen delivery to enhance the growth fitness of live vector strain.