Purpose: To evaluate efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) or connective tissue graft (CTG) in papilla reconstruction (PR) with the semilunar incision (SI) technique. Materials and Methods: The analysis consisted of 55 sites (27 CTG and 28 PRF) from 20 patients who underwent PR with either PRF or CTG placed in the maxillary anterior region with SI technique. Baseline (BL) and follow-up (T 1 , first month, T 3 , third month, T 6 , sixth month) clinical data including periodontal evaluations (gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), pocket depth (PD), keratinized tissue width (KTW), gingival recession), papilla-associated recordings (alveolar crest-interdental contact point [AC-IC], alveolar crest-papilla tip [AC-PT], papilla tip-interdental contact point [PT-IC], papilla height loss [PHL], interdental tissue stroke [ITS] and papilla presence index [PPI]) and patient satisfaction were analyzed.Results: CTG provided better PR outcomes. GI, PI, and PD showed a slight increase at T 1 and then, turned to their BL levels. The other periodontal parameters showed significant improvement after both treatment modalities. No inter-group difference was found except for KTW, which was in favor of CTG. Conclusion:Based on the results, CTG is recommended over PRF in PR treatment due to its superior outcomes with less recurrence risk.Clinical Significance: Connective tissue graft provides superior results than plateletrich fibrin in papilla reconstruction with the semilunar incision technique.

Background: To evaluate the cytokine profile in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and determine the cluster patterns of cytokines. Methods: Fifty IBD patients and 21 systemically healthy children were enrolled in the study. The GCF samples were collected from the participants during periodontal examination and periodontal indices were recorded. Based on activity indexes and response to conventional treatment, patients with IBD were further categorized into subgroups as: remission, active disease, and treatment-resistant.Serum samples were obtained from IBD patients to determine serum levels of cytokines. The levels of pro-(interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-17A, IL-17F) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines in serum and GCF were measured using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Results: Among 50 IBD patients, 58% were in remission, 20% had active disease, and 22% were defined as treatment-resistant. The severity of gingival inflammation measured by the criteria of Löe had increasing trends in IBD patients with active disease and treatment resistance. GCF IL-1β level was lower and GCF IL-4 and GCF IL-23 levels were higher in IBD patients compared to healthy controls.In the active disease group, more cytokine clusters occurred compared to the control group and other IBD subgroups, as explained by increased cytokine-cytokine interactions. Conclusions:Considering the increased complexity of cytokine interactions and the increased severity of gingival inflammation in patients with active disease, it can be concluded that disease activity might have an impact on gingival inflammation in pediatric patients with IBD.