Neuroanatomical structures that form the floor of the third ventricle (FTV) and neighboring tissues are important in the context of third ventriculostomy (TV) procedures. Thorough knowledge of the anatomical and histological organization of the region would be useful in understanding and preventing surgical complications. Taking the third ventricle region as a model, we aimed to simulate TV and make measurements of 23 cadaver brains, as well as perform histological examinations of the third ventricular floor on five cadaver brains. During the endoscopic TV, we examined the degree to which the structures surrounding the FTV were affected by surgical simulation. To make a clinical comparison, the distance between the center of the FTV and the basilar apex was measured on cranial magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of 15 subjects with normal ventricular systems and 15 subjects with moderately enlarged ventricles. Histological examination revealed that the ependymal cells and arachnoid membrane formed the inner and outer surfaces of the third ventricle floor, respectively, whereas the stroma was made up of glial cells exclusively. This region was gliotic and avascular. When cadaver brains with normal and hydrocephalic ventricles were compared, there were significant differences in the distance between the center of the floor and the basilar apex (P < 0.001). On the basis of our study, the optimal site for TV fenestration and balloon inflation is just anterior to the mamillary bodies to avoid injury to neighboring structures.

No abstract

Sivil toplum; bireysel özgürlükleri ve bireylerin temel haklarını korumaya çalışan, aynı zamanda gönüllülük prensibine dayalı örgütlenmelerin esas alındığı, toplumun devlet politikalarını denetleyip yönlendirebildiği, aktif bir yurttaşlık bilincine sahip olmayı gerektiren bir gelişmişlik düzeyi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda sivil toplum, devletle birey arasında bir denge unsuru vazifesi görmektedir. Sivil toplum kavramının çekirdeğini bireylerin devlet karşısındaki konumunu belirleyen bir takım örgütlenmeler oluşturmaktadır. Sivil toplum örgütleri aracılığıyla birey, devletle ilişkilerini temel bir düzende tuttuğu gibi, temel hak ve özgürlüklerini koruyarak devletin politikalarını doğrudan veya dolaylı bir şekilde yönlendirmeye çalışmaktadır. II. Meşrutiyet dönemi de bu anlamda Osmanlıda sivil toplum anlayışının yaygınlık ve bu yönde sivil örgütlenmelerin yoğunluk kazandığı bir zaman dilimidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı da II. Meşrutiyet döneminde ortaya çıkan sivil toplum anlayışını ve bu anlayışın somut yansımasına örnek olabilecek öğretmen cemiyetleriyle Terakki-i Maârif ve İttihâd-ı Muallimin Cemiyeti'ni sivil toplum kavramı bağlamında analiz etmektedir.

When the relationship between the government and the citizens is taken into consideration, at the times when the government is misusing its power, the citizens may express themselves about the injustice in various ways and civil disobedience is one of them. If the injustice still exists after all the judicial proceedings are taken, then, this act that has nonviolence as its fundamental philosophy is seen to take place. The most important representatives of civil disobedience in the world are Socrates, Henry David Thoreau, M. Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi. These thinkers with their discourses and actions put forth what constitutes as civil disobedience and set an example to other societies. In this study, firstly, the aforementioned notion of civil disobedience is explained. Then, some demonstrations that took place in Turkey are evaluated in the framework of civil disobedience. The aim is to determine whether or not these demonstrations can be considered as examples of "civil disobedience". Also, the reasons why some of these demonstrations are not in the scope of civil disobedience are discussed. In this study, depiction and historical methods are used.

Democracy, in the context of political science and political sociology, is one of the most widely talked about and discussed topics in the academia and in general public. In the contemporary world, democracy went far beyond being a political system and became the criterion for the evaluation of political systems. Such a broad standing of it differentiated expectations from democracy. Even though democracy constitutes the dominant political discourse of the contemporary world, criticisms towards it continue exist in the historical process. While some of these criticisms claim to carry democracy to a more mature level, others attacked democracy asserting that it is a system which produces injustices because of its internal dynamics. This study aims to analyze in the context of the ideas of Henry David Thoreau, who prioritizes all these new quests and interrogations in terms of democracy in terms of the time period he lived and brought criticism against representative democracy.