Cell free DNAs (cfDNA) are short DNA fragments which are present in all biological fluids and cell culture medium. They were first detected in blood plasma by Mandel and Metais in 1948. cfDNAs are mostly endogenous-derived fragments that are determined in lipid/protein rich complexes or particles with membranes. In healthy individuals, there are small amounts of mono-nucleosome forms of cfDNA in the peripheral circulation. cfDNA can bind to proteins and phospholipids on cell surfaces. This mechanism may related to absorbance and release of cfDNA. Different enzymes such as deoxyribonuclease (DNase) may facilitate the unbounding and recirculation of membrane bound cfDNAs.

Neurogenesis is the combined processes of division, migration and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). The two different locations: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG), provide a niche environment for neurogenesis. Neurotrophic factors have roles on migration, proliferation and differentiation of NSC and neural progenitor cells. Studies have shown that NSCs have regulatory effects on neural cell rearrangement, neural plasticity and angiogenesis in damaged tissue. In adult neurogenesis, combinations of neurotrophic factors play an important role in the treatment of cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative, oncological diseases and post-traumatic inflammatory damage. In this review, current literature including pre-clinical and clinical studies for the modulating effect of neurotrophic factors on NSCs and their potential therapeutic treatment applications are brought together. It contains up-to-date information that would be beneficial for researchers and physicians working in this field.

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Amaç: Miyeloproliferatif Neoplaziler (MPN), miyeloproliferatif bozukluklar arasında en sık görülen hastalıklardandır. Tamamen işlevsel olan ve son aşamaya kadar farklılaşmış kan hücrelerinin aşırı üretimi ile karakterize edilirler. Önceki çalışmalarda Granülosit-Makrofaj Koloni Uyarıcı Faktörün (GM-CSF) sağlıklı hematopoietik kök hücreler (HKH)'de proliferasyon kontrolünden sorumlu CXCR3 ekspresyonunu arttırdığı gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, CXCL9-CXCR3 sinyal yolağının MPN progresyonunda etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada, MPN ve sağlıklı insan perifer kan mononükleer hücrelerinde (MNH) ve kanser HKH de CXCL9 kemokini ve bunun reseptörü olan CXCR3'ün iki izoformunun (CXCR3A ve CXCR3B) gen ifade seviyeleri, MNH yüzeyinde ise CXCR3 reseptör varlığı incelenmiştir. Ekspresyon seviyelerini araştırmak amacıyla kantitatif gerçek zamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PZR), hücre yüzey reseptör durumunun incelenmesi içinse akım ölçer metotları kullanılmıştır. GM-CSF'in MNH ve CD34+ hücrelerinde uygulamasının ardından CXCR3 ekspresyonu değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: MNH'de CXCR3A ifadesinin hastalarda sağlıklılara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı arttığı bulunmuşur. Hasta ve sağlıklı kontrol grupları arasında CXCR3B ve CXCL9 ifade seviyeleri kıyaslandığında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. CXCR3 Hücre yüzey reseptör durumuna bakıldığında ise hastalardan elde edilen MNH'deki anlatımda sağlıklı gruptan elde edilenlere göre anlamlı bir azalma olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç: Bu sonuçlar MPN'de CXCR3A/CXCR3B dengesi ile bu reseptörlere özgün olarak bağlanan kemokinler CXCL9, CXCL10 ve CXCL11'in inflamasyon ve kanser progresyonu ile ilişkili olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

The detection of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) from maternal plasma has enabled the development of essential prenatal diagnostic techniques supporting the non-invasive screening and diagnostic tests in recent years.We performed a non-invasive real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using cell-free DNA isolated from the peripheral blood of pregnant women to determine fetal Rhesus D (RhD) and sex. Consistent with the findings of similar studies, our results revealed high accuracy rates of PCR in determining fetal RhD, making it suitable for diagnostic use, thereby indicating its effectiveness as a guide in treating and especially in minimizing the procedures applied to pregnant women who are RhD negative.This study compared the cost incurred between follow-up testing and treatment of RhD (-) pregnant women and the fetal RHD genotyping based on Health Implementation Notification (SUT) data of the Social Security Administration of the Republic of Turkey. Additionally, the role of PCR to the diagnostic process was evaluated.Our results showed that fetal RHD genotyping costs 523.19 TL (3.5 times) less for each RhD (-) pregnant women compared with the current additional tests and treatments. PCR with cffDNA is an innovative method that minimizes workload, hospital costs, and unnecessary tests and treatment. In addition, this method allows an early initiation of treatment and avoidance of unnecessary intervention and cost.