IntroductionHigh levels of adoption and usage for the COVID Tracing Apps (CTA) among the population is a stipulated prerequisite for success of the implementation of these apps, aiming to mitigate the pandemic and track spreading of the virus more efficient and effectively. In the current study, the main objective was to investigate individuals' preferences in the intention to download a COVID-19 tracing app in a pilot-study in both the Netherlands and Turkey.MethodsWe conducted a discrete choice experimental study through an online survey in two countries (the Netherlands [N = 62] and Turkey [N = 83]), with four different attributes: (1) data protection (data protection vs. no information), (2) manufacturer (government vs. company), (3) reward (no reward vs. voucher as a reward) and (4) gaming (no gaming elements vs. gaming elements). Participants were recruited among a student population.ResultsThe results showed that data protection is one of the most important factors that significantly increases the probability to adopt a CTA. In general, the manufacturer, reward or gaming affected the probability to download the CTA less.DiscussionsHealth authorities worldwide have generally released high quality CTA, although scientific studies assessing the most important factors that describe and predict the intention to download is limited. Sensitive personal data is collected through these apps, and may potentially threaten privacy, equality and fairness, which are important attributes to take into account when developing or launching a CTA, following the results of this study.

correlation different rewards to voluntary participation. The MARS approach consists of engagement, functionality aesthetics and information quality. The protection of voluntariness is understood as the fundamental need for the ethical use of CTAs. Accordingly, patterns of voluntariness are examined in the context of legal, ethical privacy and security policies of selected CTAs. In this context, this paper will provide categories and criteria for CTA usage and its impact on citizen engagement in the Quintuple Helix collaboration process aiming to get insights into features and functionalities needed in CTAs and increased voluntary use of the public.

Türk hukukunda kadının soyadına ilişkin düzenlemeler, 4721 sayılı Türk Medeni Kanunu'nda ve 2525 sayılı Soyadı Kanunu'nda yer almaktadır. TMK m. 187'ye göre, evlilik birliği içinde erkek, evlilikten önceki soyadını kullanmaya devam ederken; kadına bu hak tanınmamıştır. Bu durum, Anayasa'da yer alan eşitlik ilkesine aykırı görülerek birçok yargı kararına konu olmuştur. Konuyla ilgili ilk dava, 1995 yılında Ayten Ünal Tekeli tarafından açılmıştır. O dönemde yürürlükte olan 743 sayılı TMK m. 153 uyarınca, yerel mahkeme ve Yargıtay, Ünal Tekeli'nin evlilik öncesi soyadını tek başına kullanma talebini reddetmişlerdir. Anılan tarihte Anayasa Mahkemesi'ne bireysel başvuru hakkı olmadığı için, AİHM önüne gelen dava Ünal Tekeli'nin lehine sonuçlanmıştır.Bunu takip eden yıllarda kadının evlilik soyadına ilişkin gerek iç hukukta gerek AİHM'de pek çok dava açılmıştır. AİHM'e giden davalarda, kadının evlendikten sonra, sadece evlilik öncesi soyadını kullanma yönündeki talepleri, mahkeme tarafından haklı bulunmuştur. Ancak, bu kararlara rağmen, uygulamada bir değişiklik olmamış, kadın evlilik sonrası, TMK m.

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Legal knowledge has great importance in every step of production and management. During the process of sustainable developments, a close relation between innovation process and law has to be considered. Every step of the innovation process and management depends on legal regulations. The engineers, producers, managers should be aware of law, to avoid problems in the future and not to make mistakes in the production and innovation process. To know the regulations help them in various ways. Accordingly, the knowledge about rights and obligations helps them to negotiate safely with the other parties. They know about the boundaries of their liabilities what they are working on. They keep the protection of their work especially on legal regulations. Additionally, during the production phase the protection of environment has to be considered. There are many international agreements which are signed by the States on environment, climate change, sustainability, waste management, renewable energy, etc. Managers and directors in the innovation process need to know about these complex issues. In this paper, the quintuple helix innovation model will be introduced which describes innovation process based on knowledge circulation between academia, industry, politics and the media-and culture based public for sustainable developments. Afterwards, relevant legal aspects of sustainable innovation process will be clarified by giving examples from the practice in national and international level.